Showing papers on "Facial expression published in 1982"

Discrimination and imitation of facial expression by neonates

Abstract: Human neonates (average age, 36 hours) discriminated three facial expressions (happy, sad, and surprised) posed by a live model as evidenced by diminished visual fixation on each face over trials and renewed fixations to the presentation of a different face. The expressions posed by the model, unseeen by the observer, were guessed at greater than chance accuracy simply by observing the face of the neonate, whose facial movements in the brow, eyes, and mouth regions provided evidence for imitation of the facial expressions.

Facial Reactions to Facial Expressions

Abstract: Previous research has demonstrated that different patterns of facial muscle activity are correlated with different emotional states. In the present study subjects were exposed to pictures of happy and angry facial expressions, in response to which their facial electromyographic (EMG) activities, heart rate (HR), and palmar skin conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded. It was found that happy and angry faces evoked different facial EMG response patterns, with increased zygomatic region activity to happy stimuli and increased corrugator region activity to angry stimuli. Furthermore, both happy and angry faces evoked HR decelerations and similar SCR magnitudes. The results are interpreted as suggesting that facial EMG recordings provide a method for distinguishing between response patterns to “positive” and “negative” emotional visual stimuli.

Production and discrimination of facial expressions by preschool children.

Abstract: Production and discrimination of the 8 basic facial expressions were investigated among 34 3-5-year-old preschool children. The children's productions were elicited and videotaped under 4 different prompt conditions (imitation of photographs of children's facial expressions, imitation of those in front of a mirror, imitation of those when given labels for the expressions, and when given only labels). Adults' "guesses" of the children's productions as well as the children's guesses of their own expressions on videotape were more accurate for the happy than afraid or angry expressions and for those expressions elicited during the imitation conditions. Greater accuracy of guessing by the adult than the child suggests that the children's productions were superior to their discriminations, although these skills appeared to be related. Children's production skills were also related to sociometric ratings by their peers and expressivity ratings by their teachers. These were not related to the child's age and only weakly related to the child's expressivity during classroom free-play observations.

Social Presence, Facial Feedback, and Emotion

Abstract: This study examined the influence of facial feedback on emotional experience and the influence of another's presence on facial communication. To test whether facial expressions regulate the expressers' emotional experience, subjects smelled pleasant and disgusting odors while reacting to them spontaneously, with a facial pose indicating that the odors were pleasant or with a facial pose indicating that they were disgusting. In a result that supported the facial feedback hypothesis, subjects evaluated the odors consistently with their facial poses (p < .001). But the odors themselves had a far greater impact on evaluations than did posing instructions. To test whether both spontaneous and deceptive emotional expressions would be more effective as communication if the expresser were in the presence of another, rather than alone, subjects smelled odors when they were alone or when seated next to another naive subject who could not see them. Contrary to prediction, subjects were less successful facial communicators in the presence of another. In this condition they communicated their evaluations less when they were spontaneously reacting to the odors and leaked their evaluations more when they were trying to hide their expressions (p < .07).

Discrimination of facial expressions by preschool children.

Abstract: This study investigated preschool children's ability to discriminate and categorize facial expressions. Children were shown drawings of persons with expressions of joy, sadness, surprise, and anger and asked to choose from an array of drawings the face that felt "the same" as the standard. The choice array varied on 1 or more features of the standard's expression or had identical key facial elements. In some cases the match had identical facial features and in others the match was a generalized version with no identical features. Children were given various prompts to select the accurate match for the standard. Both with and without prompts children made fewer errors matching happy expressions and matched generalized happy expressions as accurately as identical expressions. Surprised and angry faces were less accurately matched. Providing verbal labels for the faces facilitated matching, particularly for happy and generalized expressions, suggesting that labeling or explicitly providing a conceptual category may aid comparison and/or memory of the expressions. A levels-of-processing effect is suggested to be operating in young children's discrimination and categorization of facial expressions.

Judgments of facial expressions of emotion predicted from facial behavior.

Abstract: An experiment was performed to assess whether Ekman and Friesen's Facial Action Coding System (FACS) could be used to construct facial expressions that portrayed with varying intensities each of the eight emotions of happiness, fear, disgust, sadness, surprise, shame, anger, and contempt Based on detailed instructions from FACS, seven adults posed facial expressions that presumably varied in the conveyed emotion and emotion intensity Thirty-nine college student observers then viewed each of the videotaped facial expressions Ratings were made of whether each expression connoted one of the eight emotions or no emotion and of the intensity of the perceived emotion Observers' emotion classification and intensity ratings agreed with FACS-based predictions regarding the facial action units involved in expressing each of the emotions Most perceived-predicted emotion discrepancies could be accounted for by facial action units shared by the different emotions Moreover, except for disgust, observers' intensity judgments reflected a reliance on only one or two action units for each emotion These findings corroborate the descriptive and predictive utility of FACS for studies on perception of emotions

Facial expression in pain: A study of candid photographs

Abstract: A number of investigators have reported that observers can reliably distinguish facial expressions of pain. The purpose of this study was to describe the consistencies which might exist in facial behavior shown during pain. Sixteen candid photographs showing faces of individuals in situations associated with intense, acute pain (e.g., childbirth, various injuries, surgery without anesthesia) were coded using the anatomically-based Facial Action Coding System (FACS) of Ekman and Friesen. A characteristic pain expression—brow lowering with skin drawn in tightly around closed eyes, accompanied by a horizontally-stretched, open mouth, often with deepening of the nasolabial furrow—occurred consistently in this series.

Children’s Nonverbal Encoding and Decoding of Affect

Abstract: The expression (encoding) and perception (decoding) of affect play critical roles in the individual’s social and emotional development. For example, the ability to recognize the emotional state of others is an important component of social competence. Similarly, the ability to control one’s own emotional expressiveness has important consequences for social development.

Production and perception of facial expressions in infancy and early childhood.

Abstract: Publisher Summary Facial expressions are a major channel of interpersonal communication They occupy a unique role in the understanding and regulation of interpersonal interactions because the face is often impossible to conceal and difficult to control Moreover, facial expressions may convey underlying affect more readily than the more easily manipulated verbal expressions This chapter reviews examples from the adult literature that have provided many of the questions and paradigms for researchers of infant and child facial expressions It presents examples of infant and child research relevant to the developmental questions suggested by the adult literature A series of infant and preschool studies in which it assessed relationships between production and perception of facial expressions are described The chapter presents a developmental model that may integrate these studies and the existing literature

Nonverbal Communication: Survey, Theory, and Research

Abstract: A book about how people convey information about themselves and receive information from other people through their behaviour, posture, gestures, facial expressions and tone of voice. Druckman reviews what has been learned about four nonverbal communication channels -- para-language, facial expressions, kinesics, and visual communications. In Part Two he uses a case study to illustrate findings on personal distance, and reports on new research. A final chapter presents a framework that distinguishes situations by their structures: a first step toward linking nonverbal behaviours with their contexts. '...the theoretical framework that they do provide for the experiments reported in the second half of the book is one of the most cohesive to be found in reports of nonverbal communications research...An excellent introduction to nonverbal literature and experimentation for beginning graduate students.' -- Choice, November 1982 '...has much to offer scholars from the diverse disciplines represented in mass communications. The book is particularly useful to those interested in the visual media and in the interpersonal and cross-cultural communication phenomena...the communications scholar will be stimulated by a set of ideas ranging from the neurophysiological to the political. He will find very useful the authors' discussions of the methodologies of typical experiments.' -- Journalism Quarterly, Spring 1983

Asymmetries in moving faces

Abstract: One hundred and two right-handed judges viewed a series of 16 frontally displayed moving faces. They reported which side of each face appeared to move more when the faces were seen (a) speaking and (b) performing face exercises (pulling faces). The left-of-face was judged more mobile than the right at pulling faces, while there was no asymmetry in the judged movement of the speaking face. Viewing conditions (mirror-reversed/normal orientation) affected judgements of exercising faces, but not of speaking faces. There was a leftward bias in judgements of exercising faces, so that a greater left preference obtained when viewing mirror-reversed rather than normally oriented faces. These results are interpreted with reference to explanations of asymmetries in facial expression and interpretation involving notions of cerebral lateralization.

Emotion Recognition in Ethiopia: The Effect of Familiarity with Western Culture on Accuracy of Recognition

Abstract: Subjects in Western and westernized literate cultures have always recognized facial expression of emotions more accurately than those tested in nonwesternized cultures. Is this difference attributable only to a different degree of familiarity with the experimental conditions or is this also due to different degrees of familiarity with the expression of the emotions? One hundred Ethiopians (fifty males and fifty females) differing in their degree of familiarization with Western culture were tested in a judgment study and asked to recognize posed facial expressions of emotions encoded by Western subjects. The data show that westernized subjects recognize the emotions presented more accurately than the nonwesternized subjects. In particular, varying degrees of familiarization with Western culture seem to influence recognition accuracy when a specific display rule is associated with the emotion presented.

Social and Affective Functions of Nonverbal Behavior: Developmental Concerns

Abstract: The significance of nonverbal behavior for psychological inquiry lies in two functions that nonverbal behavior plays. The first is the communicative or social function of nonverbal behavior, and the second is the expressive or affective function. These will be discussed in turn.

Spontaneous and Symbolic Nonverbal Behavior and the Ontogeny of Communication

Abstract: Historically, one of the central issues in the study of nonverbal communication has involved the question of whether nonverbal behavior should be regarded as innate or as learned and culturally patterned. Most now recognize that nonverbal behavior involves both innate and learned aspects, with the individual essentially learning how to use a system of communication that has deep evolutionary roots: it is simultaneously a biological phenomenon involving the expression of emotion, and a learned phenomenon analogous to, and interacting with, language.

Facial expressions can be modelled mathematically.

Abstract: Facial expressions provide crucial information about an individual's internal mood state, but are difficult to quantify. We report the development of a mathematical method for measuring facial expressions, using photographs and a specially designed computer programme.

Specification of nonverbal behaviors for clinical assessment

Abstract: Nine categories of nonverbal behavior (extremity movements, self-manipulations, facial expression, posture, orienting, gestures, voice quality/tone, speech rate/pressure, and sense of timing) were tested in a standardized role play situation of social skills. Each category was judged using a new “midi-level” system of assessment which permitted specification of component behaviors but allowed observers to make single ratings at the ends of videotaped episodes. The midi-level measurements were as reliable and practical as more traditional global measures of social skill and social anxiety. Midis were superior to globals (i.e., single overall ratings of skill and anxiety) in terms of predicting physiological indices of social anxiety. Voice quality/tone and sense of timing appeared to be the best predictors of criterion social skill measures and self-manipulations, extremity movements, and gestures had the highest weights in predicting criterion measures of social anxiety.

Face facts: An unbidden role for features in communication

Abstract: Physiognomic or facial structure influence was investigated with regard to perceived facial expression. Subjects saw nine drawings, three of which had been altered for eyebrow characteristics, three for lip characteristics, and three for differing face shapes. Subjects rated the faces within each feature variation group as differing significantly on exhibited facial expression, even though the physiognomic structure of only one feature had been varied. Statistically, heavy eyebrows and a narrow face shape had the most effect on perceived facial expression. Physiognomic change alone led to different perceptions of exhibited facial expression. Implications for human interaction and personality development are discussed.

Responses to Consistent and Discrepant Social Communications

Abstract: A naive assertion about human communication is that it consists of words. A more sophisticated statement recognizes that extralexical aspects of communication, including gestures, posture, facial expression, tone of voice, dress, and timing of speech, also convey meaning. In human social interaction information, typically, is conveyed redundantly so that a speaker’s facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice, postures, and words are mutually consistent, augmenting and reinforcing each other. For purposes of analysis the various communication components may be grouped into “channels” which are defined as sets of communication components which convey information and which are emitted and responded to in a systematic manner (Wiener & Mehrabian, 1968). Although the delineation of any set of component behaviors as belonging to the same communication channel is somewhat arbitrary, it can be justified pragmatically and empirically (Wiener, Devoe, Rubinow, & Geller, 1972).

Ethological Approaches to Nonverbal Communication

Abstract: Ethology is a branch of evolutionary biology which focuses on the behavioral, rather than the morphological, characteristics of animal species. Since ethologists originally restricted themselves to investigating nonhuman organisms, of necessity they developed a methodology particularly appropriate to the study of nonverbal behaviors. In recent years, researchers have begun to apply the concepts and methods of ethology to the study of humans, and especially human children. In this chapter, I will explore the contribution which an ethological approach can make to our understanding of children’s facial expressions, one important form of nonverbal communication. I will begin by describing characteristics of the ethological approach, and contrasting it with the methods often used by psychologists. Following this, I will review selected ethological studies of children which have examined facial behavior. Lastly, I will describe my own work, focusing on the relationship between primate threat displays and children’s use of facial expressions in a conflict situation.

Lateralization of Emotional or Behavioral Responses in Intact and Hemisphere-Damaged Humans and Rats

Abstract: Current literature on the relationship of brain lateralization to emotion deals with such diverse topics as the recognition of facial expressions, neuropsychological variables in manic-depressive illness, animal evidence of lateralization, and changes in EEG patterns during human orgasm. These diverse phenomena are frequently treated as though they were different manifestations of some unitary phenomenon—“emotion” or “affectivity.” In this chapter we shall propose that these diverse topics can best be integrated by seeing the expression of emotion as a multicomponent process with different experiments testing various parts of this process.

More than Words can Say

Abstract: Spoken language carries its message through a complex system which includes facial expression, gesture, and body posture in addition to the vocal elements of pause and pitch. The employment of these features is an integral part of the message, and their use or absence can alter the explicit statements. Speakers of a language know the inventory of these non-verbal accompaniments to speech and the variations which may occur without disrupting the message.