Showing papers on "Facial expression published in 1987"

Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion

Abstract: We present here new evidence of cross-cultural agreement in the judgement of facial expression. Subjects in 10 cultures performed a more complex judgment task than has been used in previous cross-cultural studies. Instead of limiting the subjects to selecting only one emotion term for each expression, this task allowed them to indicate that multiple emotions were evident and the intensity of each emotion. Agreement was very high across cultures about which emotion was the most intense. The 10 cultures also agreed about the second most intense emotion signaled by an expression and about the relative intensity among expressions of the same emotion. However, cultural differences were found in judgments of the absolute level of emotional intensity.

Pain expression in neonates: facial action and cry☆

Abstract: Pain expression in neonates instigated by heel-lance for blood sampling purposes was systematically described using measures of facial expression and cry and compared across sleep/waking states and sex. From gate-control theory it was hypothesized that pain behavior would vary with the ongoing functional state of the infant, rather than solely reflecting tissue insult. Awake-alert but inactive infants responded with the most facial activity, consistent with current views that infants in this state are most receptive to environmental stimulation. Infants in quiet sleep showed the least facial reaction and the longest latency to cry. Fundamental frequency of cry was not related to sleep/waking state. This suggested that findings from the cry literature on qualities of pain cry as a reflection of nervous system 'stress', in unwell newborns, do not generalize directly to healthy infants as a function of state. Sex differences were apparent in speed of response, with boys showing shorter time to cry and to display facial action following heel-lance. The findings of facial action variation across sleep/waking state were interpreted as indicating that the biological and behavioral context of pain events affects behavioral expression, even at the earliest time developmentally, before the opportunity for learned response patterns occurs. Issues raised by the study include the importance of using measurement techniques which are independent of preconceived categories of affective response.

A muscle model for animation three-dimensional facial expression

Abstract: The development of a parameterized facial muscle process, that incorporates the use of a model to create realistic facial animation is described.Existing methods of facial parameterization have the inherent problem of hard-wiring performable actions. The development of a muscle process that is controllable by a limited number of parameters and is non-specific to facial topology allows a richer vocabulary and a more general approach to the modelling of the primary facial expressions.A brief discussion of facial structure is given, from which a method for a simple modelling of a muscle process that is suitable for the animation of a number of divergent facial types is described.

A muscle model for animation three-dimensional facial expression

Abstract: The development of a parameterized facial muscle process, that incorporates the use of a model to create realistic facial animation is described.Existing methods of facial parameterization have the...

The Induced Affect Response: 10-Week-Old Infants' Responses to Three Emotion Expressions.

Abstract: Responses to mothers' presentations of happy, sad, and angry faces were studied in a sample of 12 infants, 6 boys and 6 girls at age 10 weeks _+ 5 days. Each infant's mother displayed noncontingent, practiced facial and vocal expressions of the three emotions. Each expression occurred four times, with a 20-s head-turn-away between presentations. The orders of presentation were randomly assigned within sex of infant. Mothers' and infants' facial behaviors were coded using the Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System. The data indicated that (a) the infants discriminated each emotion, (b) apparent matching responses may occur under some conditions but not all, and (c) these apparent matching responses were only a part of nonrandom behavior patterns indicating induced emotional or affective responses of infants to mothers' alfective expressions.

The salience of facial expression for autistic children

Abstract: Autistic and non-autistic retarded children who were matched for verbal ability were shown 'standard' pairs of photographs of people who differed in three, two or one of the following respects: sex, age, facial expression of emotion, and the type of hat they were wearing. When given similar photographs to sort, the majority of non-autistic children sorted according to people's facial expressions before they sorted according to type of hat, but most autistic children gave priority to sorting by type of hat, and many neglected the facial expressions altogether. It is suggested that these results reflect autistic children's insensitivity to other people's facial expressions of emotion.

The recognition of facial expressions in the first two years of life: mechanisms of development.

Abstract: In recent years the infant's ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion has attracted considerable attention from developmental psychologists. The rationale guiding much of this research has been that this ability plays an important role in later socioemotional development. In the present article, the research relating to this topic is reviewed and synthesized. It is concluded that the recognition of facial expressions develops slowly over the first 2 years of life, and that even at the end of the second year the infant's understanding of facial expressions is still quite rudimentary. Following this review is a discussion of 2 unresolved issues regarding the development of this ability. 1 issue relates to the biological/experimental basis on which the ability to recognize facial expressions develops. Research with primates is brought to bear on this point, and useful analogues with human infants are sought. From this research it is suggested that a component of the ability to recognize facial expressions is unlearned, although experience of some as yet undetermined nature affects this biological readiness. The second issue relates to the possible neurological mechanisms that mediate this ability. Research with primates, normal adults, and brain damaged adults is used to support the speculation that a posterior region of the right hemisphere is responsible for mediating the recognition of facial expressions.

Relativity in the Perception of Emotion in Facial Expressions

Abstract: SUMMARY The same facial expression will be seen as expressing different types and degrees of emotion, depending on what other faces are seen. A relatively neutral face seems sad when presented alongside a happier face, happy alongside a sadder face. A relatively unhappy face seems sad when presented alongside an angrier face, angry alongside a sadder face. The specific emotion seen in a face can be predicted by combining the idea that human judgment is relative with a model of the scale implicit in the judgment of emotion. In that model, categories and dimensions descriptive of feelings are interrelated in a systematic fashion: Categorical descriptors such as happy, sad, calm, and angry are at specific locations around the periphery of an emotion judgment space defined by degree of pleasure and degree of arousal. Viewing one facial expression (an anchor) shifts the entire scale of judgment, displacing the emotion seen in a subsequent expression (the target) in the opposite direction. Specifically, (a) magnitude of shift in perception of the target is proportional to the distance of the anchor from the center of the emotion space, (b) the angle of shift differs by 180° from the angle from the center to the anchor, and (c) the quantitative pleasure-arousal shift in the target corresponds to predictable shifts in the applicability of categorical descriptors. The geometric formulation of these ideas, although perhaps exaggerating our ability to quantify the message seen in a facial expression, did suggest specific hypotheses, some of which were tested here in six experiments. Supportive results were found with successive and with simultaneous presentation of anchor and target, with various target expressions including expressions of neutral, surprised, and angry feelings, with both posed and spontaneous target expressions, with target expressions posed by the same actor seen in the anchor and by a different actor, with different groups of observers, and with different

Emotion communication skills in young, middle-aged, and older women.

Abstract: We assessed the effectiveness of an emotion induction procedure for the study of emotional communication in adults; we also gathered preliminary age-comparative data on the expressive and receptive capacities of a sample of adult women. Young, middle-aged, and older women (encoders) related emotional experiences following mood induction and then assessed the intensity of their affective experiences. Videotapes of these sessions (facial expressions only) were shown to young, middle-aged, and older female judges (decoders), who rated the encoders for emotional intensity as well as for type of affect being communicated. Validity and reliability issues with respect to the procedure's usefulness are discussed. Decoding accuracy was found to vary with age congruence between encoder and decoder, suggesting a decoding advantage accruing through social contact with like-aged peers. Older decoders did most poorly, but a differential warm-up effect was evident, suggesting that the performance of older subjects might be enhanced with practice. There were also trends suggesting that the affective expressions of older subjects may be harder to decode owing to age-related structural changes in the face. Results are discussed in the context of theoretical models of affective development.

The role of facial response in the experience of emotion: more methodological problems and a meta-analysis.

Abstract: A recent review of the facial feedback literature by Laird (1984) suggested that the effect of facial movement on self-reported mood is large and consistent. In this article, two issues are discussed that suggest that these conclusions are unwarranted. First, methodological problems concerning the facial expressions used to represent valid analogs of emotion and the arousal value of the emotioneliciting stimuli seriously bring into question the adequacy of the studies to test facial feedback as implied by Izard (1971, 1977) or Tomkins (1962, 1963). Second, even if one accepts the studies designed to represent tests of the effect of facial behavior on self-reported mood, Laird's (1984) box-score approach cannot provide an estimate of the magnitude of the effect. Using meta-analytic techniques (Hurno; Schmidt, & Jackson, 1983; Rosenthal, 1984), I show that the effect size of facial behavior on self-reported mood is actually only of small to moderate value and is most likely an inflated estimate. I conclude, on the basis of the evidence presently available, that the effect of facial feedback on emotional experience is less than convincing. The facial feedback hypothesis, which states that facial expressions provide feedback to the expresser that is either necessary or sufficient to affect emotional experience, has received considerable attention, in large part because of the growth of research on nonverbal behavior Such studies have evolved from the writings of Darwin (1872), who argued that emotional processes are directly and intimately related to expression. The importance of these studies to theories of emotion can be seen in the works of such authors as Plutchik (1962), Tomkins (1962, 1963), Izard (1971,1977), and Ekman (Ekman, Friesen, & Ellsworth, 1972). A central issue of facial feedback concerns the degree to which facial expressions contribute to emotional experience as opposed to other sources. In a recent evaluation of the facial feedback literature, Laird (1984) divided studies into two types: those that used muscle-by-muscle experimenter-induced facial movements and those that used exaggerate/suppress instructions to alter naturally occurring facial movements. Using a box-score approach, Laird found that the hypothesis was supported 10 to 1 for published studies using the first paradigm and 6 to 1 for those using the second. He concluded that the evidence that refuted the hypothesis was weak and that "facial feedback does occur and, in fact, is a major component of normal emotional processes" (p. 916). Laird's conclusions are unwarranted for several reasons. As

Affect, personality, and facial expressive characteristics of older people.

Abstract: This study explored the relationship between emotion-based personality traits and expressive patterns in older subjects. Specifically, the study sought to demonstrate (a) that individuals have emotion expression biases, as revealed by structural and dynamic properties of the face, and (b) that there is a link between facial characteristics (as indexed by the judgments of trained and naive raters) and personality traits. An encoding/decoding paradigm was used; 30 adult, naive judges rated five emotion-pose photographs for each of 14 older subjects who had also completed a personality trait measure. Results indicated that individuals vary in their ability to accurately encode emotion states and that these patterns are linked to personality traits in an affect-specific way. The results are discussed within the framework of Darwinian theory and Plutchik's model of personality.

Hedonic and social determinants of facial displays to odors

Abstract: The facial responses of seven female subjects were videotaped while they smelled six odors in each of three experimental conditions (spontaneous, posing to real odors and posing to imagined odors). Videotaping was covert in the spontaneous condition and overt in the posed conditions. Raters (N = 65) were shown the videotapes and asked to judge whether the subjects smelled something unpleasant, neutral or pleasant. Raters were correct in only 37% of their judgements when the subjects were not aware of being observed. Raters' accuracy improved significantly when subjects posed to real odors (76% correct) and pos- ed to imagined odors (76% correct). Faces made to unpleasant odors were classified more accurately than those to pleasant odors in all three conditions. These results cannot be accounted for by reflexive-hed onic accounts of odor-related facial expressions.

The Role of Physical Attractiveness in the Interpretation of Facial Expression Cues

Abstract: Does the meaning of nonverbal signals depend on the physical attractiveness of the communicator? This study looked at the way positive or neutral facial expression cues by attractive or unattractive female communicators are interpreted. Subjects read detailed descriptions of a female target character accompanied by realistic pictures showing her as physically attractive or unattractive and displaying either a positive (smiling) or a neutral facial expression. Three dimensions of impression formation were assessed: evaluation, self-confidence, and responsibility. Results showed (1) that both physical attractiveness and facial expression had a positive main effect on judgments and (2) that there was a significant and nonobvious interaction on judgments of self-confidence and responsibility. Smiling made attractive targets appear more self-confident, and also more responsible for transgressions, but the same expression had exactly the opposite effect when displayed by unattractive individuals. The results ar...

Ethological study of facial behavior in nonparanoid and paranoid schizophrenic patients.

Abstract: This investigation addressed the question of affective disturbance in schizophrenia by applying quantitative measurement techniques to patients' facial behavior The subjects were medication-free male inpatients: nine nonparanoid and six paranoid schizophrenic patients and 12 drug- or alcohol-abuse rehabilitation control patients Two judges scored the subjects' behavior, which was recorded on videotape, according to a system that included 16 different types of facial movements Eye blinks, eye contact, and words spoken were also scored Compared to the control patients, the nonparanoid schizophrenic patients spoke significantly fewer words and had significantly less eye contact, while the paranoid schizophrenic patients had significantly fewer eyebrow and lower facial movements

The Recognition of Adults' and Children's Facial Expressions of Emotions

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the recognition performance of children who identified facial expressions of emotions using adults' and children's stimuli. The subjects were 60 children equally distributed in six subgroups as a function of sex and three age levels: 5, 7, and 9 years. They had to identify the emotion that was expressed in 48 stimuli (24 adults' and 24 children's expressions) illustrating six emotions: happiness, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, and sadness. The task of the children consisted of selecting the facial stimulus that best matched a short story that clearly described an emotional situation. The results indicated that recognition performances were significantly affected by the age of the subjects: 5-year-olds were less accurate than 7- and 9-year-olds who did not differ among themselves. There were also differences in recognition levels between emotions. No effects related to the sex of the subjects and to the age of the facial stimuli were observed.

Anatomically based measurement of facial expressions in simulated versus hypnotically induced affect

Abstract: In an attempt to determine whether hypnotically induced affect could be reliably discriminated from simulations, three hypnotically trained female undergraduate subjects were presented with posthypnotic cues to either experience or simulate varying degrees of anxiety and pleasure. Facial expressions generated by subjects in response to these cues were recorded on videotape and coded by means of the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). It was hypothesized that simulated emotional expressions, requiring greater cortical processing, would be marked by longer onset latencies and greater irregularity or fluctuation in muscular contraction than the presumably automatic changes in facial behavior accompanying posthypnotic emotions. Statistical analyses confirmed both expectations. The results were viewed as reflecting support for the validity of posthypnotically cued affect.

Anhedonia and emotional responses to affect evoking stimuli.

Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether individuals with unusually high scores on the Scale for Physical Anhedonia (Chapman et al. 1976) would differ from average scorers in their emotional responses to affect-evoking stimuli. Ten male and ten female anhedonics, as well as ten male and ten female control subjects, were each shown brief filmclips that were expected to elicit emotional responses. The subjects' facial expressions were videotaped while they watched the filmclips, and they also completed adjective checklists describing how they felt while watching them. The anhedonics and nonanhedonics did not differ in their self-reports of emotional experience, nor did they differ in their facial expressions of emotion while viewing the filmclips. Compared to men, women reported experiencing more emotion, and their facial expressions also indicated greater responsiveness.

Making Faces: Age and Emotion Differences in the Posing of Emotional Expressions

Abstract: Institute for the Study of Child Development University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Preschool children, 2 to 5 years of age, and adults posed the six facial expressions of happiness, surprise, anger, fear, sadness, and disgust before a videotape camera. Their poses were scored subse- quently using the MAX system. The number of poses that included all components of the target expression (complete expressions) as well as the frequency of those that included only some of the components of the target expressions (partial expressions) were analyzed. Results indicated that 2- year-olds as a group failed to pose any face. Three-year-olds were a transitional group, posing happi- ness and surprise expressions but none of the remaining faces to any degree. Four- and 5-year-olds were similar to one another and differed from adults only on surprise and anger expressions. Adults were able to pose both these expressions. No group, including adults, posed fear and disgust well. Posing of happiness showed no change after 3 years of age. Consistent differences between partial and complete poses were observed particularly for the negative expressions of sadness, fear, and disgust. Implications of these results for socialization theories of emotion are discussed. Most recent research efforts in the study of children's emo- tional development have either traced the developmental time- table of spontaneous facial expressions or documented the abil- ity of infants and children to discriminate and recognize facial expressions. In general, the underlying model of such research has been biological (Darwin, 1872; Ekman, Friesen, & Ells- worth, 1972; Emde, Gaensbauer, & Harmon, 1976; Izard, 1977; Tomkins, 1962, 1963). Consequently, research has fo- cused on the constant, universal, and holistic aspects of sponta- neous facial expression. However, the ability to voluntarily pose facial expressions is important to issues in the socialization of emotion; for example, the issues of when and how well children can modulate and con- trol their emotional expressions (Lewis & Michalson, 1983). Such ability seems to be a basic skill underlying more complex types of emotional management techniques, such as the mask- ing of facial expressions in order to conform to display rules or to practice deception (Ekman, 1985; Saarni, 1985). Develop- mental research on any aspect of expression management is scarce, but it seems likely that developmental differences exist even in the ability to pose faces. It has been shown that some expressions are easier to pose than others, even among adults (Thompson & Meltzer, 1964). Similar, and perhaps other, age- This research was supported by a W. T. Grant Foundation grant to Michael Lewis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Develop- ment Grant 17205 to Margaret Wolan Sullivan, and a Rutgers Medical School Summer Fellowship to Arthur Vasen. We wish to thank Norma Goetz for data collection and Despi Had- zimichalis for general assistance in preparation of the manuscript. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Mi- chael Lewis, Institute for the Study of Child Development/Department of Pediatrics, UMDNJ-Rutgers Medical School, Medical Education Building CN19, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903. 690 related differences may be observable in children. In this article we are concerned with the production of facial expression (hereinafter referred to as

Responses to facial emotion and psychopathology.

Abstract: Schizophrenics, anxious-neurotics, and nonpatient controls were asked to recognize facial affect in photographs depicting six emotions and a neutral expression. The time elapsed between presentation of the photograph and response to it was also noted. Schizophrenics were significantly less accurate at judging the expressed affect and had the largest mean response time compared to others. Preference to interact with the type of affect expressions was also analyzed. Happy and neutral expressions were chosen, while fearful and angry expressions were rejected by neurotic and control subjects. Schizophrenics were largely inconsistent in their choice.

Primary neoplasms of the facial nerve.

Abstract: A series of 30 primary facial nerve tumors is reviewed. Most of them were benign (n = 26); there were four malignant tumors. Neoplasms originating within the temporal bone were found to have preoperative facial paralysis in 84 percent of cases; the extracranial tumors had a 35 percent incidence of preoperative facial paralysis. All tumors in this series were treated surgically--by means of a middle fossa or transmastoid approach for the intratemporal group of tumors; the extracranial tumors were removed by the technique of parotid tumor surgery with complete facial nerve dissection. All the patients with preoperative facial weakness required facial nerve transection. Facial paralysis was rehabilitated with nerve grafts, hypoglossal crossover, or muscle transfers. Because "normal" facial expression is still not attainable following repair of complete facial nerve transection, an early diagnosis, hopefully prior to total neurotmesis, is essential. All patients with unexplained facial weakness, especially that which is progressive and persistent, should have the entire course of the facial nerve investigated for the possibility of treatable etiology.

Neglected and rejected children: A social-skills model.

Abstract: This study examined the hypothesis that rejected children's inability to interact successfully with their peers stems from misperception of nonverbal communication cues, whereas neglected children have the necessary perceptual skills and their inability arises because they are unable to use them. Comparisons were made among 5- and 9-year-old neglected, rejected, and control children (six groups, N = 15 per group) on four tasks: affective empathy, cognitive empathy, decoding of facial expressions of emotion, and decoding of emotional situations. The results, which were consistent with the hypothesis, are interpreted in a social-skills model based on the work of Argyle and Powers.

Tremors of the smile.

Abstract: It might be argued that this woman suffered from two distinct disorders, initially a personality disorder, and then later and coincidentally developing metachromatic leukodystrophy. However, the changes in her personality are very much of the type described in other cases of adult metachromatic leukodystrophy.2-467 The extended period before clearly organic symptoms appeared is, however, atypical. An alternative is to suggest that she had juvenile metachromatic leukodystrophy. However, the pattern of onset, especially the lack of neurological signs after 18 years of illness and the normal EEG, make this highly unlikely. Adult metachromatic leukodystrophy is a rare condition, with 15 cases reported between 1977 and 1983,' and it is therefore not surprising that the natural history is incompletely documented. At present there is no biological marker to distinguish the adult form from other metachromatic leukodystrophy subtypes, although the assay of intracellular cerebroside sulphatase activity8 9 may prove to be of value when sufficient data have been collected. Thus, when subdividing the disease we should rely more on the pattern of clinical features and investigations, using age of onset and time course as a rough guide only, accepting that in these areas there will be an overlap with other subtypes. It seems possible that as psychiatrists become more aware of the condition, and of the availability of an enzyme marker test for it, other examples similar to the patient just described may come to light.

Doll having a plurality of wheels with varying facial expressions to effect mood changes

Abstract: A novelty doll is comprised of a plurality of independent and exchangeable facial segments which are built upon a post to create a doll face, each facial segment including a plurality of expressions selectively and separately placed into view whereby a variety of humorous moods and expressions are depicted by the novelty doll.

Autism and emotion: an ethological theory.

Abstract: Autistic symptomatology is described as resulting from three processes which have become integrated in clinical presentation. The basic deficit is hypothesized as an inability to participate in information exchange through systems of emotional communication. These systems have been extensively studied in lower animals and a direct phylogenetic line, from posture display to facial expression to human empathy, can be traced in evolutionary advance.