Showing papers on "Fluorene published in 1996"

2,7-aryl-9-substituted fluorenes and 9-substituted fluorene oligomers and polymers

Abstract: The invention relates to 2,7-substituted-9-substituted fluorenes and 9-substituted fluorene oligomers and polymers. The fluorenes, oligomers and polymers are substituted at the 9-position with two hydrocarbyl moieties which may optionally contain one or more of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous or silicon heteroatoms; a C5-20 ring structure formed with the 9-carbon on the fluorene ring or a C4-20 ring structure formed with the 9-carbon containing one or more heteroatoms of sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen; or a hydrocarbylidene moiety. In one embodiment, the fluorenes are substituted at the 2- and 7-positions with aryl moieties which may further be substituted with moieties which are capable of cross-linking or chain extension or a trialkylsiloxy moiety. The fluorene polymers and oligomers may be substituted at the 2- and 7'-positions. The monomer units of the fluorene oligomers and polymers are bound to one another at the 2- and 7'-positions. The 2,7'-aryl-9-substituted fluorene oligomers and polymers may be further reacted with one another to form higher molecular weight polymers by causing the optional moieties on the terminal 2,7'-aryl moieties, which are capable of cross-linking or chain extension, to undergo chain extension or cross-linking. Also disclosed are processes for preparing the disclosed compounds.

Initial Oxidation Products in the Metabolism of Pyrene, Anthracene, Fluorene, and Dibenzothiophene by the White Rot Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus.

Abstract: The initial metabolites in the degradation of pyrene, anthracene, fluorene, and dibenzothiophene by Pleurotus ostreatus were isolated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and characterized by UV-visible, gas-chromatographic, mass-spectrometric, and (sup1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectral techniques. The metabolites from pyrene, dibenzothiophene, anthracene, and fluorene amounted to 45, 84, 64, and 96% of the total organic-solvent-extractable metabolites, respectively. Pyrene was metabolized predominantly to pyrene trans-4,5-dihydrodiol. Anthracene was metabolized predominantly to anthracene trans-1,2-dihydrodiol and 9,10-anthraquinone. In contrast, fluorene and dibenzothiophene were oxidized at the aliphatic bridges instead of the aromatic rings. Fluorene was oxidized to 9-fluorenol and 9-fluorenone; dibenzothiophene was oxidized to the sulfoxide and sulfone. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that the major enantiomer of anthracene trans-1,2-dihydrodiol was predominantly in the S,S configuration and the major enantiomer of the pyrene trans-4,5-dihydrodiol was predominantly R,R. These results indicate that the white rot fungus P. ostreatus initially metabolizes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by reactions similar to those previously reported for nonligninolytic fungi. However, P. ostreatus, in contrast to nonligninolytic fungi, can mineralize these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The identity of the dihydrodiol metabolites implicates a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase mechanism.

Mineralization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus

Abstract: The white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus was able to mineralize to (sup14)CO(inf2) 7.0% of [(sup14)C]catechol, 3.0% of [(sup14)C]phenanthrene, 0.4% of [(sup14)C]pyrene, and 0.19% of [(sup14)C]benzo[a]pyrene by day 11 of incubation. It also mineralized [(sup14)C]anthracene (0.6%) much more slowly (35 days) and [(sup14)C]fluorene (0.19%) within 15 days. P. ostreatus did not mineralize fluoranthene. The activities of the enzymes considered to be part of the ligninolytic system, laccase and manganese-inhibited peroxidase, were observed during fungal growth in the presence of the various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Although activity of both enzymes was observed, no distinct correlation to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation was found.

Regio- and stereospecific oxidation of fluorene, dibenzofuran, and dibenzothiophene by naphthalene dioxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. strain NCIB 9816-4.

Abstract: The regio- and stereospecific oxidation of fluorene, dibenzofuran, and dibenzothiophene was examined with mutant and recombinant strains expressing naphthalene dioxygenase from Pseudomonas sp strain NCIB 9816-4 The initial oxidation products were isolated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry Salicylate-induced cells of Pseudomonas sp strain 9816/11 and isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside-induced cells of Escherichia coli JM109(DE3)(pDTG141) oxidized fluorene to (+)-(3S,4R)-cis-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrofluorene (80 to 90% relative yield; > 95% enantiomeric excess [ee]) and 9-fluorenol ( 95% ee) and (3S,4R)-cis-3, 4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrodibenzofuran (30 to 40% yield; > 95% ee) Induced cells of both strains, as well as the purified dioxygenase, also oxidized dibenzothiophene to (+)-(1R,2S)-cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1, 2-dihydrodibenzothiophene (84 to 87% yield; > 95% ee) and dibenzothiophene sulfoxide (< 15% yield) The major reaction catalyzed by naphthalene dioxygenase with each substrate was stereospecific dihydroxylation in which the cis-dihydrodiols were of identical regiochemistry and of R configuration at the benzylic center adjacent to the bridgehead carbon atom The regiospecific oxidation of dibenzofuran differed from that of the other substrates in that a significant amount of the minor cis-3,4-dihydrodiol regioisomer was formed The results indicate that although the absolute stereochemistry of the cis-diene diols was the same, the nature of the bridging atom or heteroatom influenced the regiospecificity of the reactions catalyzed by naphthalene dioxygenase

Evaluation of analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in meat products by liquid chromatography

Abstract: Several extraction, separation, and detection methods of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in meat products were evaluated by using liquid chromatography. Results showed that Soxhlet extraction of PAHs followed by purification with a Sep-Pak Florisil cartridge removed more impurities than the sonication method. With HPLC, a mobile phase of acetonitrile−water (55:45, v:v) was maintained for 2 min, linearly programmed to 100% acetonitrile over a 23 min period, and maintained for 15 min. Sixteen PAHs were separated by a C18 column and detected by UV at 254 nm, while 15 PAHs were detected with fluorescence. The latter method was found to have 20−320 times higher sensitivity than the former. The following settings (excitation wavelength/emission wavelength) were used for fluorescence: λ1 = 270 nm/340 nm (naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene); λ2 = 254 nm/375 nm (phenanthrene); λ3 = 260 nm/420 nm (anthracene, fluoranthene); λ4 = 254 nm/390 nm (pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene), λ5 = 260 nm/420 nm (ben...

Fluorene Oxidation In Vivo by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and In Vitro during Manganese Peroxidase-Dependent Lipid Peroxidation

Abstract: The oxidation of fluorene, a polycyclic hydrocarbon which is not a substrate for fungal lignin peroxidase, was studied in liquid cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and in vitro with P. chrysosporium extracellular enzymes. Intact fungal cultures metabolized fluorene to 9-hydroxyfluorene via 9-fluorenone. Some conversion to more-polar products was also observed. Oxidation of fluorene to 9-fluorenone was also obtained in vitro in a system that contained manganese(II), unsaturated fatty acid, and either crude P. chrysosporium peroxidases or purified recombinant manganese peroxidase. The oxidation of fluorene in vitro was inhibited by the free-radical scavenger butylated hydroxytoluene but not by the lignin peroxidase inhibitor NaVO(inf3). Manganese(III)-malonic acid complexes could not oxidize fluorene. These results indicate that fluorene oxidation in vitro was a consequence of lipid peroxidation mediated by P. chrysosporium manganese peroxidase. The rates of fluorene and diphenylmethane disappearance in vitro were significantly faster than those of true polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or fluoranthenes, whose rates of disappearance were ionization potential dependent. This result indicates that the initial oxidation of fluorene proceeds by mechanisms other than electron abstraction and that benzylic hydrogen abstraction is probably the route for oxidation.

Oxidation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water. 3. UV Radiation Combined with Hydrogen Peroxide

Abstract: Oxidation in water of three polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fluorene, phenanthrene, and acenaphthene, with UV radiation combined with hydrogen peroxide has been studied. The effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration, pH, and bicarbonate ion has been investigated. Disappearance rates of PAHs are substantially increased with respect to those from UV radiation alone if proper conditions of hydrogen peroxide concentration and pH are established. Direct photolysis contribution decreases with the increasing hydrogen peroxide concentration and is the main way of degradation at acid pH (76% at pH 2 with 10-3 M hydrogen peroxide concentration, for fluorene oxidation). Rate constants of reactions between the hydroxyl radical and PAHs were found to be 9.9 × 109, 8.8 × 109, and 13.4 × 109 M-1 s-1, for fluorene, acenaphthene, and phenanthrene, respectively. Both UV radiation and UV/H2O2 oxidation of PAHs yield numerous intermediate compounds. Most of these compounds disappear as oxidation time is increased.

Poly(indenofluorene) (PIF), a Novel Low Band Gap Polyhydrocarbon

Abstract: This communication describes the synthesis of a novel low band gap hydrocarbon polymer, poly(indenofluorene), PIF, composed of 3,9-di-tert-butylindeno[1,2-b]fluorene building blocks. The polymer, with high degrees of polymerization (DP > 20), was generated by coupling alkylated 6,6,12,12-tetrachloro-6,12-dihydroindeno[1,2-b]fluorene monomers by means of low-valent transition metal [e.g. chromium(0) and nickel(0)] compounds as dehalogenating agents. The cross-conjugated coupling product exhibits a widely red shifted longest wavelength absorption maximum (λmax of up to 799 nm). This fact can be interpreted as resulting from the contribution of quinoid states to the electronic ground state. Oligomeric products possessing similar structures were also generated by dehydrohalogenation polymerization, starting from the corresponding 6,12-dihalo-6,12-dihydroindeno[1,2-b]fluorenes.

Oxidation of naphthenoaromatic and methyl-substituted aromatic compounds by naphthalene 1,2-dioxygenase.

Abstract: Oxidation of acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, and fluorene was examined with recombinant strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1(pRE695) expressing naphthalene dioxygenase genes cloned from plasmid NAH7. Acenaphthene underwent monooxygenation to 1-acenaphthenol with subsequent conversion to 1-acenaphthenone and cis- and trans-acenaphthene-1,2-diols, while acenaphthylene was dioxygenated to give cis-acenaphthene-1,2-diol. Nonspecific dehydrogenase activities present in the host strain led to the conversion of both of the acenaphthene-1,2-diols to 1,2-acenaphthoquinone. The latter was oxidized spontaneously to naphthalene-1,8-dicarboxylic acid. No aromatic ring dioxygenation products were detected from acenaphthene and acenaphthylene. Mixed monooxygenase and dioxygenase actions of naphthalene dioxygenase on fluorene yielded products of benzylic 9-monooxygenation, aromatic ring dioxygenation, or both. The action of naphthalene dioxygenase on a variety of methyl-substituted aromatic compounds, including 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene and isomers of dimethylnaphthalene, resulted in the formation of benzylic alcohols, i.e., methyl group monooxygenation products, which were subsequently converted to the corresponding carboxylic acids by dehydrogenase(s) in the host strain. Benzylic monooxygenation of methyl groups was strongly predominant over aromatic ring dioxygenation and essentially nonspecific with respect to the substitution pattern of the aromatic substrates. In addition to monooxygenating benzylic methyl and methylene groups, naphthalene dioxygenase behaved as a sulfoxygenase, catalyzing monooxygenation of the sulfur heteroatom of 3-methylbenzothiophene.

Oxidation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water. 4. Ozone Combined with Hydrogen Peroxide

Abstract: Three polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, fluorene, phenanthrene, and acenaphthene, have been treated in water with ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide. The effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration, pH, and bicarbonate ions has been investigated. The process goes through direct and radical reactions in the case of fluorene and phenanthrene oxidation, while acenapthene is removed exclusively by direct ozonation. At concentrations of hydrogen peroxide higher than 10-5 M, ozone mass transfer controls the process rate, regardless of pH. In any case, however, the presence of hydrogen peroxide does not improve the oxidation rate compared to ozonation alone due to the importance of the direct reactions. Intermediate compounds identified during oxidation with ozone alone and combined with UV radiation or hydrogen peroxide are similar and justify the high consumption of ozone in these processes.

Fluorene-based alternating copolymers for electroluminescence element and electroluminescence element using such copolymers as light emitting materials

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fluorene-based alternating copolymer to be used as light emitting materials of electroluminescent elements having the following formula (I), and further relates to electroluminescent elements having an anode/luminescent layer/cathode structure, in which the fluorene-based alternating copolymer used as light emitting materials of the luminescent layer, or having a transporting and/or reflection layer added thereto, if necessary, is ##STR1## where R, R', X, Ar and n are defined in the text.

Electron acceptors of the fluorene series. Part 5. Intramolecular charge transfer in nitro-substituted 9-(aminomethylene)fluorenes

Abstract: Strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) in fluorenes 2 and 3 from a donor amino group to acceptor fluorene moiety leads to exceptionally easy rotation around the C(9)(α) bond that has been registered by 1H NMR spectroscopy; single crystal X-ray analysis of 2i confirms the changes in the bond numbers. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of compounds 2 and 3 shows two closely spaced reversible single-electron reduction waves (in the range of –0.4 V to –1.16 V, E1red½– E2red½⩽ 0.16 V) resulting in radical anions and dianions, respectively, and a third reduction wave [E3red½≈–(1.31 – 1.53) V] resulting in radical trianions. E3red½ shows very little dependence on the structure of compounds 2 and 3, whereas E1red7½ and E2red½ correlate well with σp– constants of substituents in the fluorene ring. At +0.71 V to + 1.55 V a single-electron oxidation wave yielding radical cations of the compounds 2 and 3 is observed in CV. Parameters ρcv– for reduction (E1red½ and E2red½) and oxidation (Eox½) of compounds 2 and 3 are in the region of 0.12 V to 0.20 V. The influence of the structure and solvent effects on the ICT energies have been studied by UV–VIS spectroscopy. It has been found that the ICT energies also correlate well with σp– constants in the fluorene ring; however, in contrast to CV investigations which demonstrated close ρcv– values for both series of the compounds [ρ1red–(2)= 0.195 ± 0.005 V ≈ρ1red–(3) 0.175 ± 0.005 V, in acetonitrile], the sensitivity parameter ρICT–for 2 is approximately twice that for 3 (–0.175 ± 0.008 eV and –0.085 ± 0.008 eV, respectively, in acetonitrile). A quantitative estimation of solvent effects on the ICT energies using the four-parameter Koppel-Palm equation shows that only polarity and basicity of the solvent are statistically relevant in all the cases. Spectroelectrochemical studies on the compound 2i show the disappearance of the ICT band in the visible spectra when the negative potential yielding the radical anion and/or the dianion is applied. An increased electrophotographic sensitivity of poly-N-(2,3-epoxypropyl)carbazole (PEPC) films sensitized by compound 2d has been found in the ICT region; this phenomenon can be used for elaboration of photothermoplastic films with selective regions of the photosensitivity.

Production of fluorene derivative

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for profitably producing 9,9-bis(4-(2- hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)fluorene in a high quality and in a high yield. SOLUTION: This method comprises reacting fluorenone with phenoxyethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid and a thiol to produce the 9,9-bis(4-(2- hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)fluorene. Therein, an organic solvent simultaneously satisfying the following conditions (1), (2) and (3) is used as a reaction solvent. (1) The organic solvent is slightly compatible with water. (2) The organic solvent hardly reacts with sulfuric acid. (3) The organic solvent can easily dissolve 9,9-bis(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)fluorene.

New poly(amide‐imide)s syntheses. XVII. Preparation and properties of poly(amide‐imide)s derived from 3,3‐Bis[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]phthalimidine and various bis(trimellitimide)s

Abstract: Fifteen bis(phenoxy) fluorene-containing poly(amide-imide)s III were synthesized by the direct polycondensation of 9,9-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]fluorene (BAPPF) with var-ious aromatic bis(trimellitimide)s II in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) using triphenyl phosphite and pyridine as condensing agents. Poly(amide-imide)s III having inherent vis-cosities up to 1.45 dL/g were obtained in quantitative yields. Most of the resulting polymers showed an amorphous nature and were readily soluble in polar solvents such as NMP and N,N-dimethylacetamide. All the soluble poly(amide-imide)s afforded transparent, flexible, and tough films. The glass transition temperatures of these polymers were in the range of 263–315°C and the 10% weight loss temperatures were above 510°C in nitrogen. Some properties of poly(amide-imide)s III were compared with those of the corresponding isomeric poly(amide-imide)s III′ prepared from 9,9-[4-(4-trimellitimidophenoxy)phenyl]fluorene and various aromatic diamines. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Structure-Activity Studies of Aminophosphonic Derivatives of Fluorene

Abstract: Structure-activity dependence of 51 aminofluorenephosphonic acid derivatives was studied. It was found that herbicidal activity of the studied compounds depends on the hydrophobic parameters, and to a smaller extent to the electronic parameters of the substituents on nitrogen and phoshorus atoms and is independent on their steric parameters.

Bisphenolic compounds that enhance cell cation transport are found in commercial phenol red.

Abstract: We have isolated two bisphenolic compounds (4 and 5) that have a marked effect on K+ and Na+ concentrations in human cells from commercial preparations of the pH indicator dye phenol red (phenolsulfonphthalein). We used a bioassay to identify active chromatographic fractions from the lipophilic impurities present in phenol red, and we determined the structure of two active components (4 and 5) by 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectrometry. When added to human fibroblasts in serum-free medium, the bisphenol fluorene derivative 9,9-bis(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxyfluorene (5) produced a rapid loss of K+ and a gain of Na+, at low concentrations, with an EC50 between 30 and 60 ng/mL (80-160 nM). The 2- and 4-hydroxy isomers of the fluorene 5 (i.e., compounds 6 and 7), prepared by synthesis, had similar activity, although compound 6 was somewhat less potent. The bisphenol xanthene derivative 9,9-bis(4'-hydroxyphenyl)xanthene (4) elicited a similar biological response but was less potent than 5-7; it also had a strong effect on cell adhesion, causing release of cells from the plastic substrate at concentrations as low as 2-5 microg/mL (5.5-14 microM). The structures of xanthene (4) and fluorene (5) bisphenols have been confirmed by synthesis from xanthone and hydroxyfluorenone, respectively, by Friedel-Crafts alkylation with phenol. In the latter case, the desired 3-hydroxyfluorene isomer was formed in situ by rearrangement of the 1-hydroxy isomer.

Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus having this photoreceptor

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To enhance chargeability and sensitivity by incorporating a charge generating material in a photosensitive layer and using a specified fluorene compound for an organic positive hole transfer material and a specified diphenoquinone compound for an organic electron transfer material. SOLUTION: The photosensitive layer contains at least the charge generating material and the organic positive hole transfer material of the fluorene compound represented by formula I and the organic electron transfer material of the diphenoquinone compound represented by formula II and a binder resin, and in formulae I and II, each of Ar 1 -Ar 3 is an optionally substituted aryl group and at least one of them is a fluorenyl group and each of R 1 -R 8 is an optionally substituted alkyl or such aralkyl or such aryl or nitro or cyano group or a halogen atom. COPYRIGHT: (C)1997,JPO

Mercapto compound, sulfur-containing urethane resin made from the same and isocyanate compound, and high-refractive index plastic lens

Abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain a mercapto compound having specific structure, excellent in low offensive odor, capable of giving colorless and transparent, lightweight and high-refractive index S-contg. urethane resin lens of high resistance to heat and impact and weatherability, useful as a raw material for S-contg. urethane resins. CONSTITUTION: This mercapto compound is expressed by the formula [R and R are each H, methyl or ethyl; (m) and (n) are each 1-10], e.g. 9,9'-bis(4- ethoxyphenyl)-fluorenemercaptopropionic ester. This compound of the formula is obtained by adding an alkylene oxide to 9,9'-bis[4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene to form a 9,9'-bis[4-hydroxy(poly)alkoxyphenyl]fluorene which is, in turn, reacted with mercaptopropionic acid in a reaction catalyst-contg. non-aqueous solvent.

Blends of polysulfone with diaryl fluorene carbonate polymer

Abstract: Polymer blend compositions are prepared having excellent combinations of optical properties, physical properties and hydrolytic stability comprising, in admixture, (a) a diaryl fluorene carbonate polymer and (b) a polysulfone. Preferably, the diaryl carbonate polymer is a copolycarbonate of bisphenol A with bis(hydroxyphenyl) fluorene, preferably 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) fluorene. Optionally, the blend compositions also comprise a second non-fluorene carbonate polymer (c). Preferably, the polysulfone is a bisphenol A polysulfone or a polyether poly sulfone. In preferred aspects of this invention, the polysulfone and diaryl carbonate polymer components are selected to provide a transparent blend composition.

Volatilisation of aromatic hydrocarbons from soil : Part II, Fluxes from coal tar contaminated soils residing below the soil surface

Abstract: The non-steady-state fluxes of aromatic hydrocarbons from coal tar contaminated soil, placed below a 5 cm deep layer of uncontaminated soil, were measured in the laboratory over a period of 53 days. The contaminated soil originated from a former gasworks site and contained concentrations of 11 selected aromatic hydrocarbons between 50 to 840 µg/cm3. Where the microbial activity was inhibited, the fluxes stabilized on a semi-steady-state level for the monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, naphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene after a period of 10–20 days. Fluxes of acenaphthene and fluorene were only measurable in an experiment that utilized a cover soil with a low organic content. The fluxes were predicted by a numerical model assuming that the compounds acted independently of each other and that local equilibrium between the air, water, and sorbed phases existed. The model overestimated the fluxes for all the detected aromatic hydrocarbons by a factor of 1.3 to 12. When the cover soil was adapted to degrade naphthalene, the fluxes of naphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene approached the detection limit after 5 to 8 days. Thereafter the fluxes of these two compounds were less than predicted by the model employing half-life values of 0.5 and 1 day for naphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene respectively.

N-(2,4,7-trinitrofluorenylidene)anilines—new electron transport materials in positive charge electrophotography

Abstract: New electron transport materials, N-(2,4,7-trinitrofluorenylidene)-2,6-dialkylanilines, show excellent properties in positive charge electrophotography. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses of two of these compounds are reported. The high solubility of N-(2,4,7-trinitrofluorenylidene)-2,6-diethylanilines could be mainly attributed to the loss of overlap between intermolecular fluorene rings due to the bulkiness of the ethyl groups.

Production of 9,9-bis(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)fluorene

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To safely, economically and industrially obtain a compound of high quality in high yiled, useful as a raw material for epoxy resin, polyester and the like. SOLUTION: The objective 9,9-bis(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)fluorene is obtained by reaction of 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene with ethylene carbonate in the presence of a decarboxylation catalyst (for example, a triorganophosphine) in an organic solvent boiling at >=100 deg.C at 100-250 deg.C where the amount of ethylene carbonate is preferably 2.0-4.0 moles per mole of the fluorene compound.

Process for making fluorenones

Abstract: A process for the oxidation of a fluorene compound to a corresponding fluorenone compound comprises treating the fluorene compound with an oxidizing gas in the presence of a solid alkali metal or alkaline earth metal oxide or hydroxide or a concentrated aqueous solution thereof in a reaction mixture containing a non-aqueous heterocyclic nitrogenous solvent, wherein the reaction mixture is free of a phase transfer agent, for a time sufficient and at a temperature sufficient to convert the fluorene compound to the fluorenone compound

Fluorene-1-carboxylic acid.

Abstract: In fluorene-1-carboxylic acid, C14H10O2, the sole hydrogen bond is of the cyclic dimer type about a center of symmetry. The carboxyl H atom is ordered. Distances in the fluorene core are very similar to those in fluorene itself; the fluorene core dihedral angle is, however, larger than in fluorene.

New fluorene, dibenzofuran and dibenzothiophene derivatives

Abstract: Fluorene, dibenzofuran and dibenzothiophene derivatives of formula (I) and their salts are new. X = CH2, CHR2, O or S; when X = CH2, O or S, R = CH2R1; when X = CHR2, R = H; R1 = a group of formula (i), (ii) or NH-(CH2)2-O-Ar; R2 = a group of formula (iii); R3 = H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH or OA; Y = O or CH2; Ar = Ph or Het; Ph = phenyl optionally substituted by one or two F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OA, CF3, A, CN, Ac, COA, CONH2, COHA, CONA2 or NO2, where A may be partially or wholly substituted by F, Cl, Br and/or I; Het = 5- or 6-membered, optionally partly or fully unsaturated heterocycle which contains one or two N and/or one or two O and/or one or two S atoms and which may be substituted by one or two F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OA, CF3, A or NO2; A = 1-6C alkyl; Ac = 1-8C alkanoyl, 7-11C aroyl or 8-12C aralkanoyl.

Photochemical battery containing kind of fluorene, photoelectric transfer element and manufacture of electrode for photochemical battery

Abstract: PURPOSE: To provide a photochemical battery and a photoelectric transfer element whose photoelectric transfer characteristic is enhanced by applying an organic electron giving body and a kind of fluorene onto a base material as solution. CONSTITUTION: A mixed toluene solution is applied onto an ITO electrode 2 having a transparent base material 3, and a film is manufactured. This electrode is used, and a Pb plate is used as a metallic counter electrode 5, and a Pb(ClO4 )2 /acetonitrile solution is used as electrolytic solution 4. A material which is dissolved in solvent in which fluorene is dissolved and forms a valence band and a conduction band as a solid body is preferable as an organic electron giving body 1 as a constitutive element of the electrode 2. Metal in the same kind as cation in the electrolytic solution 4 is ideal as the metallic counter electrode 5. When the organic electron giving body and the fluorene are mixed together, an effect to restrain carrier deactivation in an exciting condition is obtained.