Showing papers on "Glycidyl methacrylate published in 2002"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used mixed monolayers comprising of undecanethiol and ω-mercaptoundecyl bromoisobyrate (1) to initiate the controlled radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and glycidyl methacelate (GMA) from gold, and found that SAMs composed of 10% and 50% of initiator 1 grow PMMA brushes to approximately 1/10 and 1/2 the thickness of polymer brushes.
Abstract: We report the first systematic study of initiator density on surface-initiated polymerizations. We used mixed monolayers comprising of undecanethiol and ω-mercaptoundecyl bromoisobutyrate (1) to initiate the controlled radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) from gold. We found that SAMs composed of 10% and 50% of initiator 1 grow PMMA brushes to approximately 1/10 and 1/2 the thickness of polymer brushes grafted from SAMs comprising 100% 1. We did not find a clear maximum initiator density, beyond which no further increase in polymer brush thickness is observed. We show that the initiator density at the start of the polymerization determines the ultimate “footprint” and hence density of polymer molecules in polymer brushes.
438 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacylate was synthesized for the purpose of producing quaternary ammonium and phosphonium.
Abstract: Antimicrobial copolymers bearing quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts based on a copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate were synthesized. Poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) was modified for the introduction of chloromethyl groups by its reaction with chloroacetyl chloride. The chloroacetylated copolymer was modified for the production of quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salts. The antimicrobial activity of the obtained copolymers was studied against gram-negative bacteria (Escherichiacoli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sp., and Salmonella typhae), gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilus and B. cereus), and the fungus Trichophyton rubrum by the cut-plug method. The results showed that the three copolymers had high antimicrobial activity. A control experiment was carried out on the main polymer without ammonium or phosphonium groups. The copolymer bearing quaternary salt made from tributyl phosphine was the most effective copolymer against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and the fungus T. rubrum. The diameters of the inhibition zones ranged between 20 and 60 mm after 24 h. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2384–2393, 2002
266 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a broad variety of monolithic macroporous polymers with both controlled chemistry and porous properties was prepared using UV-initiated free-radical polymerization, defined by the composition of the monomer mixture used for the polymerization.
Abstract: A broad variety of monolithic macroporous polymers with both controlled chemistry and porous properties was prepared using UV-initiated free-radical polymerization. The chemistry of the monoliths is defined by the composition of the monomer mixture used for the polymerization. The use of functional methacrylate monomers such as glycidyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, and [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride enabled the preparation of monoliths with reactive, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and ionizable functionalities, respectively. The porous properties of these monoliths were mainly affected by the choice of the porogenic solvent system. Because the UV polymerization was carried out at room temperature, even low molecular weight alcohols and other low boiling point solvents could safely be used to create a versatile series of binary porogenic mixtures. Monoliths were prepared in spatially defined positions using the photolithographic technique within a fused silica capillary and on microfluidic chips, and the former was demonstrated with the separation of derivatized amines by means of capillary electrochromatography in the reversed-phase mode. Similarly, a monolith prepared in the microchip format was used to demonstrate a microextraction with enrichment of a solution of green fluorescent protein by a factor of 1000. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 755–769, 2002; DOI 10.1002/pola.10155
222 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the adsorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ on microbeads is clearly affected by the pH of the solution, such that these ions' adaption capacity increased with the pH in the aqueous solution.
Abstract: The chelating resins have high potential applications for the selective removal and recovery of metal ions from industrial waste solutions. The hydrophilic acrylate monomer with the iminodiacetic acid chelating group was prepared from glycidyl methacrylate and iminodiacetic acid at 60°C. The microbeads, prepared from acrylate monomer with the iminodiacetic acid chelating group, were employed by inversion suspension polymerization. In the pH range of 2–6, a reasonably good equilibrium sorption capacity is maintained for Cr3+ (ca. 2.7 mmol/g) and Cu2+ (ca. 1.8 mmol/g) in the chelating resins. The adsorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ on microbeads is clearly affected by the pH of the solution, such that these ions' adsorption capacity increased with the pH of the aqueous solution. The adsorption of Cd2+ (ca. 1.25–1.87 mmol/g) and Pb2+ (ca. 0.99–1.89 mmol/g) showed a maximum at approximately pH = 5 and 6, respectively. The adsorption isotherms of Cr3+ and Cu2+ adsorbed on microbeads were following the Langmuir isotherm, but the adsorption behavior of Cd2+ and Pb2+ were not. The concentration of alkaline earth–metal cations on the range of 0–200 ppm had no influence on metal ions adsorbed capacity of chelating resins. Additionally, NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid) had no significant influence on metal ion adsorption by chelating resins. Furthermore, phenol pollutant can be adsorbed effectively by metal ions chelated microbeads; therefore, the microbeads were useful not only in recovering metal ions but also in the treating phenol pollutants in wastewater. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1353–1362, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10243
100 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a comparative fundamental study was performed regarding the notched impact toughening performance of various rubber modified semicrystalline polyethylene terephthalate (PET) systems.
94 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel membrane was prepared from poly(acrylonitrile- co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PANGMA) of a defined epoxide content as membrane polymer by a conventional immersion-precipitation phase-inversion process.
73 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the compatibilizers was evaluated by DSC, SEM micrograph and by mechanical properties, and the analysis indicated that PP modified with maleic anhydride (MA) showed the best compatiblizing effect in these systems.
71 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a comparative analysis of compatibilisation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and a poly (ethylene-co-propylene) rubber (EPR) was performed using various compatiblisers, having either glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) or maleic anhydride (MA) functionalities.
Abstract: Blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and a poly(ethylene-co-propylene) rubber (EPR) were reactively compatibilised using various compatibilisers, having either glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) or maleic anhydride (MA) functionalities. The examined compatibilisers include ethylene/glycidyl methacrylate copolymers (E-GMA8 and E-GMA12), glycidyl methacrylate-grafted EPR (EPR-graft- GMAx) and maleic anhydride-grafted EPR (EPR-graft-MA). To evaluate the compatibilisation efficiency of the different compatibilising agents used, a rheological and morphologi- cal comparative analysis was performed. It could be clearly established that the GMA-induced compatibilisation reaction is much more effective than the reaction between maleic anhydride and the PET end groups, at the applied processing conditions for the PET matrix. For the investigated GMA- containing compatibilisers, the E-GMA components provided the most effective and efficient compatibilisation of the basic PET/EPR blend system. The finest phase morphologies having submicron particle sizes were obtained with E-GMA8. The presence of only a small amount of E-GMA (10 wt.-% within the dispersed phase composition) within the dispersed phase is sufficient to induce a pronounced reduction of the dispersed phase particle size, irrespective of the dispersed phase concentration. A coarse, non-spherical phase morphology is obtained when the dispersed phase contains a high E-GMA content (> 50 wt.-%). The occurrence of cross- linking reactions induced by the bifunctionality of the PET matrix and/or the presence of secondary hydroxyl groups is considered to be the most probable explanation for the observed morphology coarsening.
57 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a chelating vinyl monomer, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)−iminodiacetic acid (IDA), was formed by the reaction between GMA and IDA.
Abstract: A chelating vinyl monomer, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)–iminodiacetic acid (IDA), was formed by the reaction between GMA and IDA. Three polymeric chelating agents, PGMA–IDA, PGMA–IDA-co-methyl acrylate (MA), and PGMA–IDA-co-acrylamide (AAm), were also synthesized. Acid dissociation constants and stability constants of these chelating agents with Ni(II), Zn(II), and Co(II) were determined by means of potentiometric titration and ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, respectively. The values of Ka1 and Ka2 of all the polymeric chelating agents were smaller than those of GMA–IDA. The stability constants of all the polymeric chelating agents were larger than those of GMA–IDA. Increasing the MA content within PGMA–IDA-co-MA affected the stability constant only slightly. A proper molar ratio of AAm in PGMA–IDA-co-AAm, stability constants was 30–60 times greater than that of GMA–IDA. However, as the molar content of AAm increased, the stability constant of PGMA–IDA-co-AAm decreased. The results obtained in the polymer system are explained in terms of the polymer's stereo and entanglement structure, the neighboring effect, and the hydrophobic/hydrophilic nature of MA or AAm. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 1986–1994, 2002
57 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the chelating nonporous and porous bead sorbents based on methacrylic esters crosslinked with ethylene dimethacrylate were used in isolation of the horseradish peroxidase-specific immunoglobulin IgG1 from the crude mouse ascitic fluid by IMAC.
51 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the dispersion polymerization of GMA employing poly(dimethylsiloxane) monomethacrylate as the stabilizer in supercritical carbon dioxide is described.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used polyacrylamide grafting for removal of mercuric ions from aqueous solutions and achieved high yields by redox initiation from iminoacetic acid groups created on crosslinked spherical beads.
Abstract: Poly(acrylamide) grafted from solid polymer particles provides a simple solution for extremely selective removal of mercuric ions from aqueous solutions. The grafting of polyacrylamide has been performed, in high yields (164%), by redox initiation from iminoacetic acid groups created on crosslinked spherical beads (210–420 μm) of glycidyl methacrylate/methyl methacrylate/ethylene glycol dimethacrylate terpolymer. In the grafting, homopolymer formation has been reduced greatly (22%) by the treatment of the bead polymer with ceric ammonium nitrate before the addition of acrylamide monomer. The mobility of the graft chains provides nearly homogeneous reaction conditions and rapid mercury binding ability, as for low molecular weight amides [mercury sorption by a 0.105-g polymer sample from 105 mL of a 7.74 × 10−4 mol L−1 (∼155 ppm) Hg(II) solution shows first-order kinetics with respect to the Hg(II) concentration, k = 1.1 × 10−3 s−1]. The mercury sorption capacity under nonbuffered conditions is around 3.6 mmol g−1 (i.e., 720 g of mercury/kg) and mostly occurs with the formation of diamido–mercury linkages, which result in the crosslinking of polyacrylamide brushes outside the spherical beads. The crosslinks can be destroyed by treatment with hot acetic acid, without hydrolysis of the amide groups. This process allows a complete elution of the mercury as mercury acetate, and the overall result is reversible crosslinking of the outer shell by mercuric ions. The material presented is efficient in the removal of mercury at concentrations measured in parts per million, and the mercury sorption is extremely selective over some foreign ions, such as Fe(III), Cd(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3068–3078, 2002
TL;DR: In this article, the FT-IR and 13C NMR spectra of the copolymers have been discussed and the specific retention volumes, Vg0, the weight fraction activity coefficients of solute probes at infinite dilution, Ω 1 ∞, Flory-Huggins thermodynamic interaction parameters, χ12∞ between polymers and solvents were determined.
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal decomposition of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)/poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) blends with the PGMA content up to 30 wt % were prepared by a solution-precipitation procedure.
Abstract: Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)/poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) blends with the PGMA content up to 30 wt % were prepared by a solution-precipitation procedure. The thermal decomposition of PHB/PGMA blends was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The thermograms of PHB/PGMA blends contained a two-step degradation process, while that of pure PHB sample exhibited only one-step degradation process. This degradation behavior of PHB/PGMA blends, which have a higher thermal stability as measured by maximum decomposition temperature or residual weight after isothermal degradation for 1 h, is probably due to crosslinking reactions of the epoxide groups in the PGMA component with the carboxyl chain ends of PHB fragments during the degradation process, and the occurrence of such reactions can be assigned to the exothermic peaks in their DTA thermograms. An isothermal study of these blends at 200–250°C for 1 h indicated that the residual weight was directly correlated with the amount of epoxide groups in the PHB/PGMA blends. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2945–2952, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10318
TL;DR: In this article, a reactive blending of polyamide 6 (PA) with polyethylene (PE) having reactive sites, maleic anhydride (MAH content=0.1), and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA content=3-12) was carried out at 70/30 and 65/35 (PA/PE) blend ratios.
TL;DR: Tries to achieve high throughput of 17β-estradiol (E2) analysis are described, including the development of an immunocleanup membrane using polyclonal antibodies and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibodies.
Abstract: We describe attempts to achieve high throughput of 17β-estradiol (E2) analysis, including the development of an immunocleanup membrane using polyclonal antibodies and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibodies. An epoxy-group-containing monomer, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), was graft-polymerized onto a porous hollow-fiber membrane. Subsequently, anti-estrogen (ES) antibody, as a ligand, was coupled with the epoxy group. The ligand density ranged from 3.1 to 5.8 mg/g of the GMA-grafted porous hollow-fiber membrane. A 1.0 μg/L E2 solution was forced to permeate through pores rimmed by the anti-ES-antibody-immobilized polymer chains, at a constant permeation rate. A breakthrough curve, that is, the change in the E2 concentration of the effluent penetrating the outside of the hollow fiber with a change of the effluent volume, was determined. Bound E2 in amounts ranging from 0.42 to 0.80 μg was quantitatively eluted with 3−5 mL of methanol in the permeation mode. The higher permea...
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the type and concentration of compatibilizer, as well as the mixing conditions, on the phase morphology, thermal behaviour, rheological and mechanical properties of the blends was investigated.
Abstract: Blends of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (R-PET) and high-density polyethylene (R-PE), obtained from post-consumer packaging materials, were prepared both by melt mixing and extrusion processes and compatibilized by addition of various copolymers containing functional reactive groups, such as maleic anhydride, acrylic acid and glycidyl methacrylate The effect of the type and concentration of compatibilizer, as well as the mixing conditions, on the phase morphology, thermal behaviour, rheological and mechanical properties of the blends was investigated The results indicated that addition (5÷10 pph) of ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (E-GMA) allows for a marked improvement of processability and physical/mechanical performances of R-PET/R-PE blends
TL;DR: In this article, the sorption capacity of polypropylene nonwoven supports carrying α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins (CDs) was investigated.
Abstract: Polypropylene nonwoven supports carrying α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins (CDs) were synthezised. The synthesis consisted of grafting glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto the fibers and reacting CDs with epoxide groups in the second step. This article concerns the sorption capacity of these supports toward organic pollutant models of 2-naphtol, 4-nitrophenol, pentachlorophenol, and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid in static (batch) or dynamic (filtration) conditions. The results confirmed that the grafting of CDs onto the supports gave them their specific sorption properties. Besides, it was observed that the best performances were attained when the GMA add-on was in the range of 76–113 % wt and the CD content was 87–118 μmol/g. We also evidenced that the interactions between the organic substrates and the filter occurred through specific interactions with CDs (host–guest inclusion compounds) and that to a lesser extent, nonspecific sorption phenomena also occurred. The data showed that the affinity between the pollutants with three different grafted CDs was not in agreement with the complex formation constants measured in homogeneous systems. Furthermore, the slow kinetics of exchange between the liquid and solid phases was a limiting factor that should prevent the use of the filters at elevated flow rates. At last, the great advantage of these filters is that they could undergo several cycles of use, thanks to intermediate regeneration steps with water–organic solvent mixtures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1771–1778, 2002
TL;DR: In this article, semi-and full-interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) based on uralkyd resin (UA)/poly(glycidyl methacrylate) were synthesized in the laboratory by the sequential technique.
TL;DR: In this paper, the grafting of itaconic acid (IA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto polypropylene (PP) in the course of reactive extrusion was investigated.
Abstract: Comparative analysis was conducted to learn the grafting of itaconic acid (IA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto polypropylene (PP) in the course of reactive extrusion. Seven organic peroxides, which satisfactorily dissolve in PP, but do not dissolve in the monomer, were used to initiate free-radical reactions. The grafting of IA and GMA onto PP initiated by certain peroxides gave approximately equal amounts of grafted product. It was learned that the nature of peroxide initiators is decisive for grafting efficiency and degree of macromolecular degradation. To ensure a high yield of grafted product, it is advisable to use peroxides, which have thermodynamic affinity with PP and the temperature range of decomposition of which corresponds to the thermal regime of reactive extrusion. Di(tert-butyl peroxy-isopropyl)-benzene (P-14) appeared to meet for the most these requirements for grafting both GMA and IA. Grafting is accompanied by β-decomposition of the chains irrespective of the type of peroxide and monomer used; hence, the MFI increases. A considerable rise in MFI was observed at a minimum peroxide concentration (0.1wt %). Degradation of PP during modification eases its crystallization from the melt. In this case the crystallization temperature is 5 to 8.5°C higher than of the original PP, and the crystallinity degree increases by 20 to 60%. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 64–72, 2002
TL;DR: In this article, the biochemical and electrochemical properties of nylon membranes with three different pore diameters and chemically grafted with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) or butyl methacellate (BMA) were studied.
Abstract: Glucose oxidase (GOD) was immobilized on nylon membranes having three different pore diameters and chemically grafted with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) or butyl methacrylate (BMA). Hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) and glutaraldehyde (GA) were used as spacer and coupling agent, respectively. The biochemical and electrochemical behaviour of the membranes has been studied as a function of pH, temperature and glucose concentration with reference to the grafted monomer and the membrane pore diameter. The behaviour of the soluble GOD has also been studied in order to see the modification induced by the immobilization process on the enzyme activity. It was found that the values of the biosensor sensitivity, maximum saturation current and electrochemical affinity increase with the membrane pore diameter, indipendently of the nature of the graft monomer. Opposite behaviour was found relatively to the extension of the linear response ranges and the average response times. With reference to the parameters increasing with the pore diameter it was found that membranes grafted with GMA had higher values than those of the membranes grafted with BMA. The contrary occurred to the values of the parameters decreasing with the increase of the pore diameter. Biochemical and electrochemical results have been discussed in terms of the different limitations to the diffusion of substrate and reaction products across the catalytic membrane introduced by the different pore diameters and by the different hydrophobicity of the graft monomers.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduced poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) moieties onto amphoteric styrene/glycidyl methacrylate copolymer seed microspheres prepared by use of amphoteric initiators.
Abstract: Thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) moieties were introduced onto amphoteric styrene/glycidyl methacrylate copolymer seed microspheres prepared by use of amphoteric initiators. The resulting microspheres exhibited thermosensitive and amphoteric behavior, so dual sensitivity to both pH and temperature was observed. The colloidal properties of the microspheres before and after seeded polymerization were characterized by varying the temperature and the pH. The results indicated that the specific surface structure emerged when the environmental conditions were changed. In addition, the reactive epoxy groups on the microsphere surface could be utilized to immobilize the protein molecules. The behavior of protein adsorption and immobilization onto the microspheres was examined in order to understand their potential applications in biological areas.
TL;DR: In this article, a bifunctional monomer, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), was grafted onto the surface of PVC by gas-phase photografting polymerization without degassing first.
Abstract: A process was established to conduct heparinization on the surface of poly(vinyl chloride) for antithrombogenicity utilization. A bifunctional monomer, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), was grafted onto the surface of PVC by gas-phase photografting polymerization without degassing first; then heparin was immobilized onto the poly(glycidyl methacrylate) segments. The branch structure of GMA and heparin were characterized by Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and electron spectroscopy (ESCA). It was confirmed that the bifunctional monomer GMA and heparin were grafted successfully onto the surface of PVC. The antithrombogenicity of the samples was tested both in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Results indicated that the blood compatibility of those products was improved greatly. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1013–1018, 2002
TL;DR: In this article, three mixed-donor crown ethers, [15]aneNO 2 S 2, [12]aneNOS 2 and [15]-aneN 2 O 2 S, have been coupled to the oxirane and thiirane-containing copolymers of glycol dimethacrylate p (GMA-O) and p (gMA-S) by nucleophilic ring-opening reactions of the epoxy and thIirane groups.
Abstract: Three mixed-donor crown ethers, [15]aneNO 2 S 2 , [12]aneNOS 2 and [15]aneN 2 O 2 S, have been coupled to the oxirane- and thiirane-containing copolymers of glycidyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate p (GMA-O) and p (GMA-S) by nucleophilic ring-opening reactions of the epoxy and thiirane groups. The ligand concentrations on the modified p (GMA-O) resins varied from 0.77 to 1.13 mmol g −1 , the ligand concentrations on the modified p (GMA-S) resins were found to be much lower, ranging from 0.22 to 0.37 mmol g −1 resin. The resulting oxa-azathiacrown ether containing polymers showed interesting metal-ion affinities. In competitive experiments in the presence of a range of divalent (post) transition metal-ions p (GMA-O)-[15]aneNO 2 S 2 and p (GMA-O)-[12]aneNOS 2 exhibit a very high capacity and selectivity towards Ag + over a wide range of pH (from 1 to 6). Indeed, Ag + is the only extracted ion. In contrast, the Ag + affinity of p (GMA-O)-[15]aneN 2 O 2 S is much lower, due to the presence of only one rather than two thioether moieties. In this case the Ag + uptake is relatively low (0.17 mmol g −1 ) at pH 1.5 and relatively high (0.58 mmol g −1 ) at pH 5. The relative stabilities of the resin–metal-ion complexes have been determined by measuring log D ( D =distribution coefficient), which showed that the Ag + complexes are up to 100 times more stable than the corresponding complexes with other metal-ion species. Regeneration of metal-loaded polymers appeared to be possible with 2.0 M solutions of HNO 3 or H 2 SO 4 (in the case of Cu 2+ , Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ ), or with a 1.0 M (NH 2 ) 2 CS solution (in the case of Ag + ), respectively.
TL;DR: The acrylic monomer, 3,5-dimethylphenyl methacrylate (3DPM) was synthesized using free radical polymerization in EMK solution at 70±1 °C using benzoyl peroxide as initiator as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: The immobilised enzyme activity was found to be quite stable in the repeated experiments, and improved the pH stability of the enzyme as well as its temperature stability.
Abstract: Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) p(HEMA–GMA) membrane was prepared by UV-initiated photopolymerisation of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) in the presence of an initiator, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). Cholesterol oxidase was immobilised directly on the membrane by forming covalent bonds between its amino groups and the epoxide groups of the membrane. An average of 53 µg of enzyme was immobilised per cm2 of membrane, and the bound enzyme retained about 67% of its initial activity. Immobilisation improved the pH stability of the enzyme as well as its temperature stability. The optimum temperature was 5 °C higher than that of the free enzyme and was significantly broader. The thermal inactivation rate constants for free and immobilised preparations at 70 °C were calculated as ki (free) 1.06 × 10−1 min−1 and ki (imm) 2.68 × 10−2 min−1, respectively. The immobilised enzyme activity was found to be quite stable in the repeated experiments.
© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
TL;DR: In this article, a simple method using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for determination of the composition of styrene-glycidyl methacrylate copolymers was presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, a 3,5-dimethylphenyl acrylate (3DPA) was synthesized using free radical polymerization in ethyl methyl ketone solution at 70 ± 1°C using benzoyl peroxide as initiator.
Abstract: The new acrylic monomer, 3,5-dimethylphenyl acrylate, was synthesized by reacting 3,5-dimethylphenol dissolved in ethyl methyl ketone (EMK) with acryloyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine. The homopolymer and copolymers of different feed compositions of 3,5-dimethylphenyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate were synthesized using free radical polymerization in ethyl methyl ketone solution at 70 ± 1°C using benzoyl peroxide as initiator. The copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The molecular weight (Mnand Mw) and polydispersity index of the polymers were determined using gel permeation chromatograph. The glass transition temperatures of the polymers were determined by differential scanning calorimeter. Thermogravimetric analysis of the polymers was performed in air. The solubilities of the polymers were tested in various polar and nonpolar solvents. Copolymer compositions were determined using 1H-NMR spectra. The monomer reactivity ratios were determined by the application of conventional linearization methods such as Fineman–Ross, Kelen–Tudos, and extended Kelen–Tudos. The peel strength of the leather adhesives prepared from the copolymers was also determined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2261–2270, 2002
TL;DR: In this paper, polypropylene functionalized with glycidyl methacrylate (PP-GMA) was used as a compatibilizer in blends of polyamide and nylon 6, because of the possible reaction of NH2 and COOH groups with the epoxide group of GMA.
Abstract: Polyamide and polypropylene (PP) are two important classes of commercial polymers; however, their direct mixing leads to incompatible blends with poor properties. Polypropylene functionalized with glycidyl methacrylate (PP-GMA) was used as a compatibilizer in blends of PP and nylon 6, because of the possible reaction of NH2 and COOH groups with the epoxide group of GMA. Two types of nylon 6 with different ratios between NH2 and COOH groups were used. The one with higher concentration of COOH groups was less compatible with PP in a binary blend. When PP-GMA was used as a compatibilizer, a better dispersion of nylon in the PP matrix was obtained together with better mechanical properties for both nylons used in this work.
© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the reactivities of acetic, acrylic, and methacrylic acid in reactions with epichlorohydrin, phenylglycidyl ether, glycidyl acetate, and glycoacetate carried in the presence of chromium (III) ethanoate.