Showing papers on "Human migration published in 1995"

The Cambridge survey of world migration

Abstract: l. Prologue 2. European colonisation and settlement 3. Asian indentured and colonial migration 4. The great Atlantic migration to North America 5. Migration in Europe, l800-l950 6. Migration in Europe, l800-l950 6. Migration in Africa 7. Latin and Central American migration. 8. Migration to North America after l945 9. Labour migration to Western Europe after l945 l0. Repatriates and colonial auxiliaries ll. Migration in Asia and Oceania l2. Migration in the Middle East l3. Refugees from political conflict l4. Migrants and asylum-seekers in contemporary Europe l5. Emerging trends.

Global Migrants, Local Lives: Travel and Transformation in Rural Bangladesh

Abstract: Long-term migration is one of the most important factors in the formation of cultural identities in the modern world. Immigrant communities are usually studied in the context of the country people have migrated to; Katy Gardner, however, looks at the neglected 'sending' side of the equation. In the sending communities, out-migration has become a central economic and social resource - the route to social, as well as physical, mobility, transforming those who gain access to it. Dr Gardner examines the cultural context and effects of the long-term migration from Bangladesh to Britain and the Middle East, drawing on her fieldwork in the Sylhet district,an area of exceptional migration. Major aspects of Bangledeshi life such as land, family structure, marriage and religion - all of which have been affected by the heavy out-migration - are covered in detail, and the transformation of the social structure is mapped. In focusing on local ideology, this book shows how local cultural meanings are constantly negotiated and contested by different groups in the context of rapid economic change. At the heart of this important contribution to the anthropology of migration is a presentation of the dynamic nature of migration and the concomitant possibility of self-transformation it holds for migrant cultures.

Unauthorized Immigration to the United States

Abstract: This paper surveys research on the size of the undocumented immigrant population in the United States, the causes and consequences of illegal migrant flows, public attitudes toward unauthorized migrants, and the history of attempts to control the volume of undocumented migration. It concludes that there are powerful push and pull factors that create and sustain the volume of unauthorized migration, that there is little evidence that undocumented migrants have negative labor market consequences despite what the general public thinks, that US policy has been largely powerless to make a permanent dent in undocumented immigration, and that the current level of clandestine US immigration may not be far from what society might view as socially optimal.

Immigration and internal migration “flight”: A California case study

Abstract: Recent analyses of 1990 census migration data have pointed up disparities in the way immigration and internal migration contributions affect an area's demographic profile. They show that there is little overlap between states with large population gains from internal migration from other parts of the United States and states with large population gains from immigration from abroad. This emerging pattern, along with the fact that immigration and internal migration select on very different demographic characteristics, could lead toward a "demographic balkanization" of the nation's population. This paper evaluates immigration-induced out-movement from California, based on an analysis of recently released migration data from the 1990 U.S. census. The results presented here suggest that California's out-migration consists of two different migration systems: first, an immigration-induced "flight" that exports lower income and less-educated Californians, primarily, to the nearby states of Washington, Oregon, Nevada and Arizona. And second, a more conventional migration exchange with the rest of the United States that involves the redistribution of better educated, higher income migrants. It is the former migration system which appears to be most responsive to the low-skilled immigration flows, while the latter should be responsive to more conventional labor market employment characteristics. This implies that, irrespective of changing economic conditions in the state, the continued immigration of low-skilled migrants will lead to more losses of native-born internal migrants to neighboring states and metropolitan areas. However, these migrant streams will not be made up of the "best and brightest" residents that characterize most conventional migration streams.

International labor migration and the family: some observations from Indonesia

Abstract: This article addresses two dimensions of the complex interrelationship between the family and international labor migration in Indonesia: the role of the family in influencing labor movements out of Indonesia; and the consequences of this movement on family well-being structure and functioning. Research on this topic in Indonesia is highly limited due mainly to the recency of large scale international labor migration inadequate data collection systems a high incidence of undocumented migration and failure of available research to be sensitive to family related issues. Against a rapidly changing economic and social situation two major overlapping systems of migration have developed. The official system is focused strongly on the Middle East (although other Asian destinations are increasing in significance) and is dominated by female migrants. The undocumented system is much larger in volume is focused upon Malaysia involves more males than females and is becoming permanent in some cases. The role status and experiences of women migrants in relation to their families (decision making networks remittances) are discussed with recommendations for other areas needing further research attention. (authors)

Migration and Remittances in the South Pacific: Towards New Perspectives

Abstract: For more than a quarter of a century there has been substantial emigration from the smaller island states of the Pacific to metropolitan fringe states, mainly the United States, New Zealand and Australia. Migration reduced unemployment in the island states and remittances have contributed to raised living standards. There has been some shift of remittances from consumption to investment. Communal remittances are of greater significance than in other world regions. There is a high propensity to sustain remittance flows over long periods of time at some cost to the senders. The duration and magnitude of migration, the remittance flows and their considerable social and economic consequences in a range of contexts has demonstrated the need for much more attention to be given, in terms of both studies and policy formation, to the role of migration and remittances in economic and social development in the Pacific region.

Discourse on migration and ethnic identity: interviews with professionals in Hong Kong.

Abstract: This paper has revealed a complex set of relationships between migration place and ethnic identity [in Hong Kong]. On the one hand ethnic identity is shaped by the places where people have lived particularly the places where they have spent the early years of their life; on the other [hand] places--being the context for socialization--provide the milieux where people learn who and what they are and how to act.... The authors note that "while legislation clearly regulates levels of immigration international migration is also self-regulated by potential migrants in relation to interpretations of their ethnic identities and their perceptions of other places." (EXCERPT)

International Return Migration and Remittances in the Philippines

Abstract: This paper uses a rich series of data sets from the Philippines to examine the decisions to migrate and to remit for individuals. Section 1 uses existing published statistics for the aggregates for migrant stocks and flows, and for remittances. Section 2 compares the socioeconomic background of permanent migrants with that of temporary migrants, and that of non-migrants. We also compare the socio-economic background of migrants and return migrants. We then examine the characteristics of migrants who do and who do not send remittances, and the characteristics of households receiving remittances, and find that remittances tend to exacerbate inequality. Section 3 reviews domestic policy on return migration and remittances. Section 4 contains conclusions. The data sets used include the 1991 and 1992 Surveys of Overseas Workers, the 1988 National Demographic Survey, the 1991 Labour Force Survey, and the 1991 Family Income and Expenditure Survey.

Economic integration and labor flows: stage migration in farm labor markets in Mexico and the United States.

Abstract: This article examines the probable effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on migration from Mexico to the United States disputing the view that expansion of jobs in Mexico could rapidly reduce undocumented migration. To the extent that NAFTA causes Mexican export agriculture to expand migration to the United States will increase rather than decrease in the short run. Data collected in both California and the Mexican State of Baja California show that indigenous migrants from southern Mexico typically first undertake internal migration which lowers the costs and risks of U.S. migration. Two features of employment in export agriculture were found to be specially significant in lowering the costs of U.S. migration: first working in export agriculture exposes migrants to more diverse social networks and information about U.S. migration; second agro-export employment in northern Mexico provides stable employment albeit low-wage employment for some members of the family close to the border (especially women and children) while allowing other members of the family to assume the risks of U.S. migration. (EXCERPT)

The Future of Mine Migrancy in the Context of Broader Trends in Migration in Southern Africa

Abstract: The migration issue in Southern Africa has generally been seen as relevant in discussion about future regional economic cooperation in two main ways. First, the new democratic government's attitude to legal migration, particularly, but not only, to the mining industry, has been seen as a litmus test of real commitment to ‘reconstructing regional relations on new lines’. Second, the prospect of escalating clandestine migration has been seen as a real or potential threat underscoring the need for an equitable and mutually beneficial programme of regional economic cooperation. The discussion has, however, often proceeded as though the two aspects — legal and clandestine migration — operated in separate compartments without implications for each other. This paper examines recent trends in mine migrancy against the context of broader trends in clandestine or illegal migration to South Africa. It suggests that there are processes at work likely to result in a reduction in employment of citizens of neighbouring ...

Ambivalent journey : U.S. migration and economic mobility in north-central Mexico

Abstract: The changing political and economic relationships between Mexico and the United States, and the concurrent U.S. debate over immigration policy and practice, demand new data on migration and its economic effects. In this innovative study, Richard C. Jones analyzes migration patterns from two subregions of north-central Mexico, Coahuila and Zacatecas, to the United States. He analyzes and contrasts the characteristics of the two migrant populations and interprets the economic impacts of migration upon both home of migration upon both home areas. Jones's findings refute some common assumptions about Mexican migration while providing a strong model for further research. Jones's study focuses on the ways in which U.S. migration affects the lives of families in these two subregions. Migrants from Zacatecas have traditionally come from rural areas and have gone to California and Illinois. Migrants from Coahuila, on the other hand, usually come from urban areas and have almost exclusively preferred locations in nearby Texas. The different motivations of both groups for migrating, and the different economic and social effects upon their home areas realized by migrating, form the core of this book. The comparison also lends the book its uniqueness, since no other study has made such an in-depth comparison of two areas. Jones addresses the basic dichotomy of structuralists (who maintain that dependency and disinvestment are the rule for families and communities in sending areas) and functionalists (who believe that autonomy and reinvestment are the case of migrants and their families in home regions). Jones finds that much of the primary literature is based on uneven and largely outdated data that leans heavily on two sending states, Jalisco and Michoacan. His fresh analysis shows that communities and regions of Mexico, rather than families only, account for differing migration patterns and differing social and economic results of these patterns. Jones's study will be of value not only to scholars and practitioners working in the field of Mexican migration, but also, for its innovative methodology, to anthropologists, sociologists, political scientists, and historians whose interests include human migration patterns in any part of the world

European Migration in the Late Twentieth Century: Historical Patterns, Actual Trends, and Social Implications

Abstract: This book contains both quantitative and policy-related information on international migration within and to Europe. It focuses on the main sending and receiving countries in the second half of the twentieth century. Originally the chapters of the book were presented as papers at a workshop organized by the editors in March 1992 within the framework of a conference in Laxenburg Austria on Mass Migration in Europe. Following an introductory overview Section 2 covers migration to and from Western Europe and Section 3 concerns migration to and from east-central Europe. (EXCERPT)

Population migration and the changing world order

Abstract: This volume is a product of a symposium held in January 1993 at the Institute of British Geographers Annual Conference in London England. The focus was on the impact of the end of the Cold War and the Gulf War on global migration trends. "The symposium sought to review the ways that these and other broad political and economic changes of the previous few years associated with what was being fashionably described as the new world order were affecting population movements and also how these movements were themselves active factors in the shaping of the changing world order." The 16 papers are divided into sections on migration within the developed world migration to the developed world and migration within the developing world. (EXCERPT)

Immigration impacts on internal migration of the poor: 1990 census evidence for US states

Abstract: "This article presents newly-available migration data from the 1990 U.S. census to assess immigration and internal migration components as they affect state poverty populations. New immigrant waves are heavily focused on only a few 'port-of-entry' states. It is suggested that these immigrants have begun to impact upon internal migration into and out of these 'high immigration states', and have also altered the national system of internal migration patterns. This article addresses three questions: How do the magnitudes of poverty population out-migration from high immigration states compare with those of other states? Is this out-migration selective on particular social and demographic groups? Is immigration a significant determinant of internal migration of the poor population? The results of this analysis are consistent with the view that recent, focused immigration is associated with out-migration among a state's poor longer-term residents."

To the Islands: The Remittances of Fijians in Sydney

Abstract: Migration of Melanesian Fijians to Sydney has become substantial since the 1980s. Much migration is of individuals, rather than families, and based on individual decisions. Though remittances are not a primary goal of migration, they are considerable and comparable to those of overseas Polynesian communities. Remittances, in goods and money, were usually sent to close kin, especially parents, in accordance with perceptions of needs and were usually mainly for food and clothes. A smaller but still substantial proportion was sent through churches and provincial groups for development projects benefiting communities and wider regions. Social distance, geographical scale, household size and the impact of recession on employment and incomes were critical influences on the volume of remittances.

Migration research study in Ghana.

Abstract: The results of the 1991 Migration Research Study carried out in Ghana are presented in these two volumes "The first volume deals with internal migration treating themes like population redistribution and settlement schemes; processes and mechanisms of internal migration; internal migration: streams perceptions and traditional systems; internal migration and development; and the effects of migration on women and children The second volume which is on international migration concentrates on topics such as the effects of international migration on socio-economic development international return migration as well as special issues related to population movement between Ghana and other ECOWAS countries" (EXCERPT)

Post Second World War immigration from Balkan countries to Turkey.

Abstract: "Although there are some works, both in English and Turkish, that have studied migration into the Ottoman empire from the Balkans during the 19th century...it is difficult to find any systematic and comprehensive literature that examines the period since the establishment of the Turkish Republic.... This article aims at filling some of this gap....[The article offers] an analysis of the size and causes of migration from the Balkans to Turkey since the end of the Second World War. The statistics for tables used in this article, unless stated otherwise, have been obtained from the General Directorate of Village Works in Ankara, which is responsible for keeping the statistical records on immigrants arriving in Turkey."

Migration and remittances in the South Pacific.

Abstract: This special issue contains nine studies on aspects of emigration from the smaller island states of the Pacific to the metropolitan fringe states mainly the United States New Zealand and Australia. The focus is on remittances from emigrants and their impact on island economies. (ANNOTATION)

Internal migration in Australia 1986-1991: the labour force.

Abstract: Position in the labour force has a strong influence on whether people move. This study examines the migration of all categories of the labour force and how it relates to the nations economy and changes occurring in society. The report examines: how mobility is affected by an individuals status in the labour force his/her sex occupation and the industry in which he/she works; the effects of labour migration on both State and regional growth and development--the spatial outcome; how migration composition differs between regions. (EXCERPT)

Philippine labor migration : impact and policy

Abstract: The authors examine the impact of labor exportation on the Philippine economy over the past 15 years. The publication consists of five papers that analyze the characteristics of migrant workers from the Philippines the relationship between international migration and development the economic and social impact of labor migration and the overseas employment program policy. The authors conclude that labor migration of this kind has become a permanent feature of the Philippine economy. (ANNOTATION)

Recent migrations from Morocco to Spain.

Abstract: This study addressed the problem of the Moroccan immigration into Spain within the context of South-North movements focusing on analyzing provisional data from the last immigrant regularization in the country completed during the end months of 1991. (EXCERPT)

Asian Labour Migration: Past, Present, and Future

Abstract: The Asia-Pacific region has witnessed some of the most rapid changes in the global division of labour over the past decade. Since 1970, the economies of East and Southeast Asia have been transformed from suppliers of agricultural and mineral raw materials into major exporters of manufactured goods, from cars to computer chips. In 1992 Asian countries (excluding Japan) ex ported US$453 billion worth of goods, more than the United States or Germany, and equivalent to about 16 per cent of the exports of all the ad vanced industrial countries, including Japan. The economic transformation from resource exports to goods exports has been attributed to a number of factors: judicious government inter vention to promote exports, policies that encouraged transnational corporations to invest, timely restructuring and upgrading of industries, and continuing investments in human resources. Open economic policies succeeded in inducing large inflows of foreign capital and technology, which Asian countries used with great effective ness to speed up the pace of industrialization and development. One important consequence of rapid develop ment is the growth of labour migration: over the past two decades, cross-border flows of migrant labour have increased ten-fold in East and South east Asia. Most of the growth occurred in the 1980s. At the beginning of the 1980s, there were perhaps 1 million foreign workers in East and Southeast Asia, including long-term resident Koreans in Japan and Indonesians in Malaysia. By 1990, the number of foreign workers probably exceeded 3 million. During the 1960s, economically-motivated migration was directed largely to countries out side Asia, such as the United States and Canada. Today, labour migration means flows of all kinds of workers, from housemaids to oil engineers, within Asia. The thesis of this article is that labour migra tion is a normal part of the economic development re-shaping Asia, and the number and diversity of labour migrations are likely to increase in the years ahead. There are many reasons for expect ing more rather than less migration: the rapid depletion of traditional reserves of flexible

Migration Patterns During a Period of Political and Economic Shocks in the Former Soviet Union: A Case Study of Yaroslavl' Oblast∗

Abstract: This paper examines migration in Russia during the period that preceded the breakup of the former Soviet Union (FSU) and during the current transition period. An unusually rich dataset is used to conceptualize the impact that the political and economic collapse of a world superpower has on a migration system. A regional case study of migration in Yaroslavl' Oblast from 1989 through 1992 is used to examine the relevance of expected outcomes given standard theories of migration, empirical regularities found in capitalist economies, and past trends in the FSU. The data clearly show a migration system undergoing political and economic shocks. A significant decline of the volume of flows and a relative increase in the importance of interrepublic movement indicate disruptions. Increased relative mobility for those in the later years of the working-age population and increased importance of urban-to-rural migration flows are also important changes evident in this migration system undergoing shock.