Showing papers on "Image sensor published in 1976"

Characteristics of Photodiode Arrays for Spectrochemical Measurements

Abstract: A rather large number of spectrochemical studies and analyses can be greatly facilitated by the simultaneous measurement of spectral information over a range of wavelengths. Of particular importance and interest to analytical spectroscopists is the development of simultaneous multielement analysis systems. The development and implementation of such analyses have been hampered by a lack of convenient and versatile multichannel spectrochemical measurement systems. New detector subsystems based on modern electronic image sensors are helping to overcome this obstacle. One type of electronic image sensor is the self-scanning linear array of silicon photodiodes. These arrays are available with densities of 1024 photodiodes per in and in lengths of up to 1 in. They are packaged in conventional dual-in-line integrated circuit packages complete with the necessary scanning circuitry. These sensors have simple and inexpensive control and measurement circuitry, and superior blooming and lag performance when compared to most other electronic image sensors. In addition, the signal integrating capability of the arrays is a flexible and powerful asset for many spectrochemical measurements. These and other operational characteristics of photodiode arrays are emphasized in this study. In addition, the measurement capability of a computer coupled photodiode array spectrometer based on a 1024 element array which is capable of simultaneously measuring over 50 nm (500 A) of continuous spectral information anywhere from 200 to 1000 nm is illustrated.

Solid state image sensor

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a solid state image sensor comprising a charge transfer device such as a charge coupled device (CCD), wherein an improved arrangement of transfer electrodes is provided for the charge transfer device therein and the number of effective sensing elements for performing practically the image sensing operation can be altered in accordance with the manner of supplying a driving signal to the transfer electrodes, so that either one of different television signals, for example, color television signals according to the NTSC system and the PAL or SECAM system, can be selectively produced thereby

Hierarchical search for image matching

Abstract: The problem of matching two images of the same scene produced by different sensors under different viewing conditions is important in many applications. A hierarchical method which is logarithmetically efficient is presented in this paper. Experimental results are presented for matching an image region corrupted by noise and for matching images from optical and radar sensors. The significance of this approach is that scene matching can be accomplished even in cases which are difficult for humans or standard correlation techniques and may be accomplished with greatly reduced computations.

Device for forming reference axes on an image sensor array package

Abstract: A device for forming reference axes on an image sensor package containing an image sensor array. The device comprises an optical means having a reticle formed therein, a movable table located in a plane parallel with the plane of the optical means, a scribe mounted between the movable table and the optical means and movable in a direction parallel with the reticle.

Two sensor time encoded color imaging system

Abstract: Light from an object to be imaged is optically divided into two portions. The first portion, preferably corresponding to one primary color, is encoded into a series of electrical pulses by a charge coupled device image sensor. The second portion corresponding to two other primary colors is further filtered by a striped optical filter and encoded into a series of electrical pulses by a second charge coupled device image sensor. The electrical pulses from the first and second image sensors are then time decoded by a decoder circuit to produce three color information signals.

Single sensor time encoded color imaging system

Abstract: Light from an object to be imaged is optically filtered by a striped optical filter and encoded into a series of electrical pulses by a matrix image sensor. The electrical pulses from the image sensor are then time decoded by a decoder circuit to produce three color information signals.

Charge-coupled device and charge-injection device imaging

Abstract: A brief review is given of the advances in solid-state imaging during the last ten years. The issues of surface channel versus buried channel, aliasing versus prefiltering, frame transfer (FT) versus interline transfer (IT) versus charge-injection device (CID), and direct view versus EBIC imaging are discussed. Time-delay-and-integration (TDI) and infrared imaging are discussed. Finally applications are considered.

A charge-coupled infrared imaging array with Schottky-barrier detectors

Abstract: An IR sensitive, charge-coupled linear imaging array using palladium-silicide Schottky-barrier detectors has been designed, fabricated, and tested. Thermal scenes as low in temperature as 110/spl deg/C were imaged. It was shown theoretically that in the vidicon mode of operation, nonuniformities in the transfer process and in detector capacitance do not degrade the video signal. Good uniformity was indeed obtained in this mode. A scheme for removing the background signal from the detectors before loading into the charge-coupled device (CCD) was incorporated into the design of the chip, and operation in this mode was also demonstrated. This imager, though made with a single level of metallization with gaps, had reasonably good transfer efficiency and is free of smearing and blooming.

All-solid-state camera for the 525-line television format

Abstract: A charge-coupled image sensor of the vertical frame transfer type has been fabricated with three-phase three-level polysilicon electrodes. The device has 496 vertically interlaced rows of elements and 475 resolution elements/line. The imaging area, measuring 12.8/spl times/9.6 mm/SUP 2/, corresponds to that of a 1-in vidicon. Defect-free devices have not yet been fabricated, but with an appropriate effort such devices seem feasible. The device is operated in a self-contained camera, measuring 6/spl times/6/spl times/15 cm, containing the countdown circuitry, and implemented with commercially available TTL. The clock line drivers are built with discrete transistors. The camera produces a suitably filtered black-and-white video signal in the standard 525-line television format, which includes the necessary blanking periods and synchronization signals. Large-scale integration (LSI) of these circuits could readily lead to a camera which could be smaller by more than a factor of two.

Television applications of interline-transfer CCD arrays

Abstract: The design features and characteristics of interline transfer (ILT) CCD arrays with 190 x 244 and 380 x 488 image elements are reviewed, with emphasis on optional operating modes and system application considerations It was shown that the observed horizontal resolution for a TV system using an ILT image sensor can approach the aperture response limit determined by photosensor site width, resulting in enhanced resolution for moving images Preferred camera configurations and read out clocking modes for maximum resolution and low light sensitivity are discussed, including a very low light level intensifier CCD concept Several camera designs utilizing ILT-CCD arrays are described These cameras demonstrate feasibility in applications where small size, low-power/low-voltage operation, high sensitivity and extreme ruggedness are either desired or mandatory system requirements

Dual‐channel diffractometer utilizing linear image sensor charge‐coupled devices

Abstract: A position‐sensitive dual‐channel light diffracometer has been developed to allow the real‐time monitoring of light diffraction patterns produced by the myofibrillar sarcomeres of single skeletal muscle fibers and small bundles of fibers during contraction. The diffractometer utilizes two linear image devices to permit the analysis of two or more diffraction lines. The sensors are highly sensitive (1.67×10−4 lux sec), lag‐free, self‐scanning 256‐element charge‐coupled devices driven by Schottky and standard TTL logic circuitry at a data transfer rate/element of about 20–400 kHz. Video output from the diffractometer can be displayed directly on an oscilloscope screen or can be connected to an ADC and minicomputer system so that diffraction spectra can be corrected for dark signal and element nonuniformities and displayed on‐line by the computer CRT. The computer‐evaluated spacing between diffraction lines provides an accurate measure of mean sarcomere length within the muscle, while line shape and width ar...

All-solid-state camera for the 525-line television format

Abstract: A charge-coupled image sensor of the vertical frame transfer type has been fabricated with three-phase three-level polysilicon electrodes. The device has 496 vertically interlaced rows of elements and 475 resolution elements/line. The imaging area, measuring 12.8 × 9.6 mm2, corresponds to that of a 1-in vidicon. Defect-free devices have not yet been fabricated, but with an appropriate effort such devices seem feasible. The device is operated in a self-contained camera, measuring 6 × 6 × 15 cm, containing the countdown circuitry, and implemented with commercially available TTL. The clock line drivers are built with discrete transistors. The camera produces a suitably filtered black-and-white video signal in the standard 525-line television format, which includes the necessary blanking periods and synchronization signals. Large-scale integration (LSI) of these circuits could readily lead to a camera which could be smaller by more than a factor of two.

Sensitivity controller of self-scan image sensor in thermal radiating object measuring apparatus

Abstract: PURPOSE: To perform accurate measurement of the size of hot steel, etfc. by controlling scan time with an AGC circuit thereby making outputs constant. COPYRIGHT: (C)1978,JPO&Japio

Correlation and alternatives for scene matching

Abstract: A common approach to matching two scenes is the use of an area cross-correlation measure. This measure is proportional to the root-mean-square difference between the corresponding pixel intensities for the two scenes. In practice, it is often found that the magnitude of this measure at the correct match position may be rather low, and that the maximum value appears at an incorrect match position. This problem of false-fixing results from differences between the reference and sensed scene in their respective range, viewing angle, illumination, contrast level, and imaging sensor type. In this paper we present a comparison and trade-offs between correlation and alternative matching techniques that do not suffer from the same weaknesses as those of correlation. A specific example of a matching scheme is also discussed that uses a scene model based on local structural features from the scene. The results of such a matching scheme on a set of two representative images are presented.

Array velocimeter imaging laser speckle pattern

Abstract: A noncontact velocity measurement system utilising a solid-state array imaging a moving laser speckle pattern was developed for measuring the velocity of a moving vehicle relative to the terrain it traverses The electronics and the online minicomputer program together with the laboratory system test results are described

Measuring device employing solid image sensor

Abstract: PURPOSE:Miniaturization, simplification, and cost down of the device that optically measures the length and thickness of an object by arranging more than one solid image sensors zigzag and adopting only one optical system

Low-Light-Level Performance Analysis For Charge-Coupled Device TV Cameras

Abstract: Charge-coupled device (CCD) area image sensors of the interline-transfer type include design features which enable the transfer and detection of signal charge packets of the order of tens of electrons. These sensors, which include devices with 190 x 244 and 380 x 488 elements, have application in all-solid-state TV cameras designed for use with very low levels of scene illumination. The designer of TV cam-eras which fully exploit this low-light performance potential is faced with a challenging constraint; extraneous noise effects must be mini-mized. In order to assess progress to date, both for sensor design and utilization techniques, the theoretical performance limitations imposed by non-cancellable noise of the detection process, and the effects of sensor CTF, are examined. This paper describes an analytical model for predicting the sensor-limited resolution-irradiance characteristics of CCD-TV camera systems as a function of responsivity, CTF, dark charge, on-chip amplifier NES, optical image contrast, and the required threshold signal-to-noise ratio. The results of the analysis are compared with recent experimental results approaching the predicted sensor-limited camera performance.

Effects Of Flow Field Aerodynamics On Imaging Sensor Resolution

Abstract: The non-uniform and fluctuating air density field surrounding a high performance aircraft can significantly affect the performance of visual infrared imaging sensors This paper addresses each of the classic types of flow field phenomena and develops theory for incoming optical wavefronts Parametrics are presented for several flight conditions, and guidelines are discussed for minimizing sensor performance degradation due to these effects© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only

A Sensor Array System with Inhibition Processing

Abstract: The phenomenon of human eye inhibition is modeled in a solid-state sensor array system for the purpose of image edge enhancement. Three inhibition algorithms are simulated on a computer and evaluated using a uniform cross pattern as a test image. The algorithm giving the most enhancement is used in an on-line sensor array-minicomputer system. Comparison of the computer pictorial printouts using aerial positive transparencies as input images clearly shows that edges with inhibition are more pronounced than those without inhibition. Also more topographic features are recognizable in the outputs with inhibition.

Image Transfer and Conversion Criteria for Photoelectronic Imaging Devices

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the image transfer and conversion criteria for photoelectronic imaging devices. The performance of a device resulting from any particular choice of its components can be physically modeled before the device is actually made by using the necessary image transfer and conversion parameters. Any continuous path through the multitude of possibilities, which gives an output in the desired form results in a sensor “design.” The problem of making the proper choice for new sensor development can be eased by presenting all the known transfer and conversion possibilities in a general scheme, and then selecting the design approach that most nearly satisfies the requirements for a particular application. Several new graphical and parametric techniques, based on the concepts of the modulation transfer function and detective quantum efficiency, are used to depict the performance of sensors relative to the characteristics of the input optical image. In this chapter, several photoelectronic image transfer, and conversion parameters and functions are discussed. The case of photoelectron counting measurements of optical images is also discussed, and a total quantum optical information throughput description for the performance of image sensors is developed.