Showing papers on "Industrial heritage published in 2006"

Uses of heritage

Abstract: Examining international case studies including USA, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, Laurajane Smith identifies and explores the use of heritage throughout the world. Challenging the idea that heritage value is self-evident, and that things must be preserved because they have an inherent importance, Smith forcefully demonstrates that heritage value is not inherent in physical objects or places, but rather that these objects and places are used to give tangibility to the values that underpin different communities and to assert and affirm these values. A practically grounded accessible examination of heritage as a cultural practice, The Uses of Heritage is global in its benefit to students and field professionals alike.

Heritage Tourism in the 21st Century: Valued Traditions and New Perspectives

Abstract: This article was written as an introduction to the journal by the editors; seeking to examine areas for future research into heritage tourism. The article is one of the most read and most cited of all the articles across the 9 volumes that have been published to date. The paper examined a range of what the authors called 'existing and emerging trends in heritage tourism', including research focused on supply and demand, heritage politics, conservation concerns, heritage economics, authenticity. They also set out more recent and future trends encouraging research in the following: thanatourism, ordinary landscapes, ordinary people, how heritage is linked to other sectors, heritage trails and routes, personal heritage and individual identity, the rise of heritage in the developing world, and religious tourism. The authors (editor and associate editor) set out the case for the need for a journal that focused on heritage tourism research alone and encouraged scholars to develop the field further and publish their findings in the journal.

The Scope and Definitions of Heritage: From Tangible to Intangible

Abstract: Since the adoption of the Venice Charter in 1964, there have been many conservation guidelines in the form of charters, recommendations and resolutions that have been introduced and adopted by international organisations such as UNESCO and ICOMOS. This article focuses on the scope and definition of heritage as promulgated by the various charters across the globe. The term ‘historic monument’ used in the Venice Charter 1964 was reinterpreted by ICOMOS in 1965 as ‘monument’ and ‘site’; and by UNESCO in 1968 as ‘cultural property’ to include both movable and immovable. The different terminology between the UNESCO and ICOMOS was reconciled at the World Heritage Convention 1972. At national and regional levels the scope of heritage was broadened to include gardens, landscape and environment, and later reinterpreted and defined quite differently in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and China. Although the scope of heritage, in general, is now agreed internationally to include ‘tangible’ and ‘intangible’ as...

World Heritage cultural landscapes: A UNESCO flagship programme 1992 – 2006

Abstract: This paper reviews one of the most important evolutions in the history of the 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention), namely, the interaction between culture and nature and the development of the cultural landscape categories. The World Heritage Convention currently covers 812 sites in 137 countries and is with 181 States Parties the most universal international legal instrument in heritage conservation. Among the properties inscribed on the World Heritage List, 53 sites are recognized cultural landscapes focusing on the outstanding interaction between people and their environment. The paper further explains key case studies from World Heritage cultural landscapes from all regions of the world and highlights the innovations in the Convention's implementation through the landscape approach, particularly focusing on the management of complex properties involving local communities and indigenous people. The paper also o...

Chapter 28 Cultural Heritage: Economic Analysis and Public Policy ⁎

Abstract: This chapter shows how economic theory and public policy analysis can illuminate decision-making relating to cultural heritage. We argue that from an economic viewpoint the appropriate conceptualisation of heritage is as a capital asset. Regarding heritage as cultural capital invites consideration of sustainability aspects, in parallel with the treatment of natural capital in economic theory, allowing us to derive a sustainability rule for cultural capital accumulation. The application of cost–benefit analysis to heritage investment appraisal is discussed, with particular reference to the assessment of non-market benefits. Turning to policy issues, we examine ways in which governments intervene in heritage markets, with particular attention to listing and other forms of regulation. Questions of institutional design, financing and policy delivery in a multi-jurisdictional framework are discussed, and finally the role of the private sector is considered, with emphasis on the possibility of crowding out and the incentive effects of public policy on private behaviour in the heritage field.

The Heritagescape: Looking at Landscapes of the Past

Abstract: Heritage sites are one of the most visible, accessible and tangible manifestations of heritage and are also some of the essential building blocks of heritage Yet we are still without a sense of how they operate over time and in relation to each other This paper will introduce the notion of the ‘heritagescape’ as a means of interpreting and analysing heritage sites as unique social spaces that offer an experience of the past In contrast to previous attempts to investigate these places, the heritagescape offers the means to focus both on the underlying similarities and also on the relationships of different sites to each other As such, heritagescape offers a coherent and overarching methodology by which to identify the universal processes and elements that characterise heritage sites and will allow us to take our examination of heritage as a cultural phenomenon into the future

Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, and the Antiquities Trade

Abstract: "The looting of archaeological sites and museums has recently been brought vividly to public attention. In this book, many of the world's experts on the subject examine the extent of the problem, how trafficking in illicit artifacts is carried out, and what can be done to save our cultural heritage."--Ellen Herscher, contributing editor, Archaeology magazineArchaeological artifacts have become a traded commodity in large part because the global reach of Western society allows easy access to the world's archaeological heritage. Acquired by the world's leading museums and private collectors, antiquities have been removed from archaeological sites, monuments, or cultural institutions and illegally traded. This collection of essays by world-recognized experts investigates the ways that com-modifying artifacts fuels the destruction of archaeological heritage and considers what can be done to protect it. Despite growing national and international legislation to protect cultural heritage, increasing numbers of archaeological sites--among them, war-torn Afghanistan and Iraq--are subject to pillage as the monetary value of artifacts rises. Offering comprehensive examinations of archaeological site looting, the antiquities trade, the ruin of cultural heritage resources, and the international efforts to combat their destruction, the authors argue that the antiquities market impacts cultural heritage around the world and is a burgeoning global crisis.Neil Brodie is research director of the Illicit Antiquities Research Centre at the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. Morag M. Kersel, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Cambridge, is studying the legal trade of antiquities in the Middle East. Christina Luke is a research fellow in the department of archaeology at Boston University. Kathryn Walker Tubb is a lecturer in cultural heritage studies and conservation in the Institute of Archaeology, University College, London.

UNESCO and the Politics of Cultural Heritage in Tibet

Abstract: This article examines United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) cultural heritage policies and Chinese state-directed tourism policies in contemporary Tibet. It begins with a brief overview of the tourism industry in Tibet, and moves to a discussion of UNESCO's focus on the preservation of world cultural sites in the name of universal values, noting how this aids state claims to authority over culture as a tool in state-building in places such as Tibet and Indonesia. The article then examines the effects state tourism policies have had on specific Tibetan sites, based on field visits to Lhasa and Shigatse in 2001 and 2002 and Xiahe (Gansu Province) in 2004. In a word, the Potala Palace, as a world cultural heritage and a place of religious activities, has drawn the attention of the world. With the deepening of the reform, opening and modermization drive and along with the implementation of the going-west strategy, the Potala Palace has become a treasure of the wor...

The Idea of Cultural Heritage

Abstract: Introduction Part I. Claims about Heritage: 1. Heritage and national treasures 2. 'Two ways of thinking' Part II. Narrative and Custom: 3. Constructing British heritage 4. This culture of ours Part III. Regulation and Rights: 5. Regulation and private rights 6. Liberalism and valuable practices.

Heritage and cultural tourism: a marketing-focused approach

Abstract: The word ‘heritage’ in its broader meaning is frequently associated with the word ‘inheritance’, that is, something transferred from one generation to another. The role of heritage as a carrier of historical value from the past means that it is seen as part of the cultural tradition of society. The concept of ‘tourism’, in contrast, is a form of modern consciousness: ‘Tourism’s fundamental nature is dynamic, and its interaction with heritage often results in a reinterpretation of heritage. In its essence, the relationship between heritage and tourism parallels the debate that takes place within a society’s culture between tradition and modernity’ (Nuryanti, 1996, p. 250). During the past three decades, heritage and tourism have become inextricably linked throughout the world. Tourism is used as an economic justification for heritage preservation. Tourism also serves to preserve artefacts found in many parts of the world; indeed, historical artefacts and their associations have always been one of the tourism industry’s most marketable commodities (Timothy, 1997). It can be argued that the early twentieth-century’s ‘grand tour’ around historical sites in search of educational or cultural knowledge was, along withthe tradition of the religious pilgrimage, one of the oldest motives for travel (Burkhart and Medlik, 1974).

Making Heritage Legible: Who Owns Traditional Medical Knowledge?

Abstract: In recent years an increasing number of state-based heritage protection schemes have asserted ownership over traditional medical knowledge (TMK) through various forms of cultural documentation such as archives, databases, texts, and inventories. Drawing on a close reading of cultural disputes over a single system of TMK—the classical South Asian medical tradition of Ayurveda—the paper traces some of the problems, ambiguities, and paradoxes of making heritage legible. The focus is on three recent state practices by the Indian government to protect Ayurvedic knowledge, each revolving around the production of a different cultural object: the translation of a seventeenth-century Dutch botanical text; the creation of an electronic database known as the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL); and the discovery of an Ayurvedic drug as part of a bioprospecting benefit-sharing scheme. Examined together, they demonstrate that neither TMK, nor Ayurveda, nor even the process of cultural documentation can be treated as monoliths in heritage practice. They also reveal some complexities of heritage protection on the ground and the unintended consequences that policy imperatives and legibility set into motion. As the paper shows, state-based heritage protection schemes inspire surprising counterresponses by indigenous groups that challenge important assumptions about the ownership of TMK, such as locality, community, commensurability, and representation.

Community, Connection and Conservation: Intangible Cultural Values in Natural Heritage—the Case of Shirakami‐sanchi World Heritage Area

Abstract: Intangible cultural heritage, according to a UNESCO definition, is ‘the practices, representations, expressions as well as the knowledge and skills that communities, groups and in some cases individuals recognise as part of their cultural heritage’. Using a case study of Shirakami‐sanchi World Heritage Area, this paper illustrates how the local community's conservation commitment was formed through their long‐term everyday interactions with nature. Such connectivity is vital to maintaining the authentic integrity of a place that does not exclude humans. An examination of the formation of the community's conservation commitment for Shirakami reveals that it is the community's spiritual connection and place‐based identity that have supported conservation, leading to the World Heritage nomination, and it is argued that the recognition of such intangible cultural heritage is vital in conservation. The challenge, then, is how to communicate such spiritual heritage today. Forms of community involvement are disc...

Reclaiming Cultural Heritage in Singapore

Abstract: The issue of cultural heritage in urban settings is of increasing importance as cities seek a better future in a globalizing world. This article aims to explore how such heritage themes and assets are treated in rapidly urbanizing cities to redress the creation of tabula rasa. Using the case study of Singapore's latest attempt to build a distinctive global city, the article will analyze the changing images of heritage and discuss how heritage conservation may yet give urban redevelopment unique places. The challenge for Singapore, as in other cities, is to identify those parts of the urban environment most worthy of preservation while fostering a new and distinctive skyline.

Conservation science: heritage materials

Abstract: Conservation of artefacts and heritage materials is an increasingly popular and fascinating area, spanning both historical and scientific disciplines. Materials come in many forms ranging from sunken ships to tapestries, from buildings to books. With this wide range of matrices and materials to analyse and preserve, an interdisciplinary approach is needed drawing upon skills from many areas of knowledge. Conservation Science: Heritage Materials links these fields of research together forming a comprehensive text book that discusses analytical aspects, wall paintings, organic and inorganic materials. It provides up to date information on subjects including research on decay and degradation and an understanding of the deterioration mechanisms of historic and artistic works. Also included are a number of case studies of particularly important finds including the upkeep of the Mary Rose and the preservation of the sail on Nelsons ship HMS Victory. This book provides an essential guide and reference source for those working in all areas of heritage conservation.

The nature of cultural heritage and the culture of natural heritage : northern perspectives on a contested patrimony

Abstract: Introduction: The Nature of Cultural Heritage, and the Culture of Natural Heritage - Northern Perspectives on a Contested Patrimony Nature as Heritage: The Swedish Case Regional Cultural Heritage versus National Heritage in Scania's Disputed National Landscape The Natural and Cultural Landscape Heritage of Northern Friesland Estonian Heritage Connections - People, Past and Place: The Pakri Peninsula Farming the Heritage: On the Production and Construction of a Personal and Practised Landscape Heritage Natural and Cultural Heritage

Narratives of World Heritage in Travel Guidebooks

Abstract: World Heritage Sites are among the most popular tourist destinations in the world and are, by UNESCO definition, exceptional heritage places. New visions of World Heritage encourage ideas of intercultural exchange and dialogues in the creation of these places. Thus it might be expected that cultural World Heritage Sites would be presented in ways that signal their ‘universal’ status. The article examines the portrayal of these sites in travel guidebooks, which are an acknowledged source of important influence on travellers. A study of travel guidebooks for various European nations showed that surprisingly few places are labelled as World Heritage even in the most comprehensive books. There is a gap between the ideals and what happens on the ground. While practical problems and lack of awareness may be one explanation for this, the inherent difficulties of conceiving and presenting narratives of world heritage as opposed to national, regional or local heritage may be more significant.

Landscapes under pressure : theory and practice of cultural heritage research and preservation

Abstract: Theory.- Place, Problem, and People: Issues in Interdisciplinary Cooperation.- Place, Historical Ecology and Cultural Landscape: New Directions for Applied Archaeology.- The Colonial Southwest: Pueblo Landscapes and Spanish Shared and Separate Landscapes.- A New Landscape for Cultural Heritage Management: Characterisation as a Management Tool.- The Idea of the Site: History, Heritage, and Locality in Community Archaeology.- Methodology and Practice.- Changing Places: A Cultural Geography of Nineteenth-Century Zuni, New Mexico.- Envisioning Future Landscapes in the Environmentally Sensitive Areas of Scotland: An Introduction.- Critical Data for Understanding Early Central European Farmers.- Alternative Archaeologies of the Cold War: The Preliminary Results of Fieldwork at the Greenham and Nevada Peace Camps.- Archaeological Practice in Large Transportation-Related Corridors: The I-270 Archaeological Mitigation Project.- Legal, Economic and Political Constrains of Cultural Heritage Preservation Programs.- Private Sector Archaeology: Part of the Problem or Part of the Solution?.- Protection, Maintenance and Enhancement of Cultural Landscapes in Changing Social, Political and Economical Reality in Poland.- Cultural Heritage Preservation and the Legal System With Specific Reference to Landscapes.

Remembering an Industrial Landscape

Abstract: Abandoned industrial factories and decaying communities have become a common sight in many places throughout the western world. Since the beginning of the postindustrial age communities have needed to make decisions about how to deal with these industrial landscapes. The celebration and interpretation of these places become important in a region's heritage. The struggle between labor and capital to control the meaning of the past is ongoing. Often, when under the control of government agencies, the story of labor is overshadowed by the benefits of industrial and engineering feats. Working-class histories, which are readily available for public interpretation, are omitted or downplayed in an industrial site's official memory. Virginius Island, located in Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, is one example where a working-class history is available for public interpretation, although the park continues to promote industrial heritage over working-class heritage. While archaeological investigations over the past several decades on the island have mainly focused on recovering signatures of its industry, recent work has explored the lives of the workers and their families who toiled in this industrial community. The latest effort to stabilize above-ground ruins that continues into the early twenty-first century has concentrated exclusively on the industrial sites. The interpretation of the island and the development of trails have made many of the industrial ruins accessible to the public. Today the National Park Service spends considerable time protecting, stabilizing, and interpreting the industrial sites on the park's landscape. It is obvious that the histories fading from the official memory are those that belong to the craft-oriented and working-class community.

Implications of Neo-liberalism for Built Heritage Management: Institutional and Ownership Structures in Ireland and Sweden

Abstract: This paper explores implications of neo-liberal conventions and practices on institutional and ownership structures for built heritage management. It argues that deliberate adjustments and shifts towards a neo-liberal global economic agenda have raised new issues for decisions relating to ownership and management of the built heritage and consequently concerns for the effects on built environments. This is reflected in the changing role of public institutions and the voluntary sector in built heritage conservation and in processes of privatisation. Based on empirical research which employed a comparative study of urban conservation, the paper draws on the Irish and Swedish experiences with particular reference to the cities of Dublin and Stockholm.

Heritage Law in Australia

Abstract: Heritage law in Australia is an active and interesting area, but until now, it has not been given sufficiently comprehensive treatment. Heritage Law in Australia is a clear and concise text that will be of use to all those wanting a general overview of the development of heritage law in Australia. The book offers a systematic analysis of the range of natural and cultural heritage law by discussing heritage law not only by reference to a limited set of acts of the Australian Parliaments, the 'Heritage Acts', but by illustrating what is happening more generally in environmental law and regulation.

The Conservation of Maya Cultural Heritage: Searching for Solutions in a Troubled Region

Abstract: Maya archaeological heritage continues to be a victim of looting, urbanization, and development despite the increased visibility of the issue within the field of archaeology. This article provides a generalized network analysis of the destruction of Maya cultural heritage in southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, western Honduras, and EI Salvador based on interviews conducted in 2006 by the Maya Area Cultural Heritage Initiative (MACHI) with archaeologists, government officials, non-governmental organizations, and Maya leaders. According to informants, interest among local people to conserve archaeological sites has been deeply affected by a lack of education about both Maya archaeology and the national and international laws assuring protection of cultural heritage; many local people, including members of modern Maya groups, see little value in the conservation of the Precolumbian past. MACHI suggests that an effective way to mitigate looting and the wanton destruction of Maya cultural heritage is t...

Your solution, their problem. Their solution, your problem: The Gordian Knot of Cultural Heritage Planning and Management at the Local Government Level in Australia

Abstract: Cultural heritage management is, in essence, a facet of social engineering, whereby physical remains of the past (and present) are selectively preserved based on values currently held by the population at large. Indeed, mid- and long-term protection of heritage sites can only occur if such places are “embraced” or “owned” by the community. However, public opinion, often colored by nostalgia, omits, consciously or unconsciously, places that do not fit the present value system. Thus, inevitably, there are places that need to be preserved that are identified by expert opinion, even if a community is apathetic or even antagonistic. Such differences of opinion allow conflicts to occur. Local planning and the implementation of planning priorities are inevitably caught up in it. The political dimension at the Local Government Authority (LGA) level further complicates matters, particularly as we move from one heritage to a multitude of “heritages.” Over the past decade, the management of cultural heritag...

The Intangible Heritage: a Challenge and an Opportunity for Museums and Museum Professional Training

Abstract: The main emphasis of most museums over the centuries has been on the material or tangible cultural or natural heritage. However, from very early times some museums have also been closely involved in preserving and presenting the immaterial or intangible culture as well. On 20th April 2006 the new UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 2003 came into force, so it is timely to consider the implications of this major new development for museums. Will new organisations and services, a new profession even, be created to give effect to the new treaty that will challenge, threaten even, the traditional roles of museums and museum professionals in relation to the heritage? Or can museums, the museum profession, and not least museum professional training, respond positively to these serious potential challenges and take a major role in ensuring that the admirable aims of the Intangible Heritage Convention are achieved in relation to all, or most, of its five key areas: oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe, and traditional craftsmanship?

Managing Historic Cities: The Management Plans for the Bath and Edinburgh World Heritage Sites

Abstract: The city of Bath was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1987, the Old and New Towns of Edinburgh in 1995 At the dates of their inscription, management plans were not required by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as part of the nomination process Although management guidelines for world cultural heritage sites have been published, these do not offer a template for the holistic heritage-driven management of complex urban sites at the scale of Bath or EdinburghManagement plans for the Bath and Edinburgh World Heritage Sites have now been published Following on from this author's paper ‘The World Heritage Convention and the Exemplary Management of Complex Heritage Sites’ in the Journal of Architectural Conservation,1 this paper aims to: summarize the approach and key issues that have been addressed in these two management plans—including aspects of their implementation; relate these to the expectations of the World Heritage Convention and other intern

Museums and Intangible Heritage: The Dynamics of an 'Unconventional' Relationship

Abstract: The concept of intangible heritage can have significant implications for museums in the areas of collecting, making exhibitions and working with communities. Drawing on the model of the ‘post-museum' envisioned by Hooper-Greenhill (2000), some of the ways in which the concept of intangible heritage can affect museum practice are examined. The limitations and concerns around the engagement of museums with intangible heritage are analysed and future challenges are identified. It is hoped that this paper will provide practical insights and help explain how the concept of intangible heritage can contribute to the discussions around the ‘post-museum'. The aim is that the issues discussed will raise awareness with respect to the impact of intangible heritage and invite museums to extend their concern from objects per se to the human element inherent in objects.