Showing papers on "Instructional design published in 1997"

Instructional Design Models for Well-Structured and Ill-Structured Problem-Solving Learning Outcomes

Abstract: Although problem solving is regarded by most educators as among the most important learning outcomes, few instructional design prescriptions are available for designing problem-solving instruction and engaging learners. This paper distinguishes between well-structured problems and ill-structured problems. Well-structured problems are constrained problems with convergent solutions that engage the application of a limited number of rules and principles within well-defined parameters. Ill-structured problems possess multiple solutions, solution paths, fewer parameters which are less manipulable, and contain uncertainty about which concepts, rules, and principles are necessary for the solution or how they are organized and which solution is best. For both types of problems, this paper presents models for how learners solve them and models for designing instruction to support problem-solving skill development. The model for solving well-structured problems is based on information processing theories of learning, while the model for solving ill-structured problems relies on an emerging theory of ill-structured problem solving and on constructivist and situated cognition approaches to learning.

Designing Effective Instruction

Abstract: Preface. Chapter 1. Introduction to the Instructional Design Process. Chapter 2. Identifying the Need for Instruction. Chapter 3. Learner and Contextual Analysis. Chapter 4. Task Analysis. Chapter 5. Instructional Objectives. Chapter 6. Designing the Instructions: Sequencing. Chapter 7. Designing the Instruction: Strategies. Chapter 8. Designing the Instructional Message. Chapter 9. Developing Instructional Materials. Chapter 10. The Many Faces of Evaluation. Chapter 11. Developing Evaluation Instruments. Chapter 12. Using Evaluation to Enhance Programs: Conducting Formative and Summative Evaluations. Chapter 13. The Role of the Instructional Designer. Chapter 14. Planning and Project Management. Chapter 15. Planning for Instructional Implementation. Appendix. Problem Identification. Glossary.

Multimedia learning environments: Issues of learner control and navigation

Abstract: Using schema theory as a framework, we view learning as an active, constructive process. It is affected not only by learners' internal knowledge structures, but by the external constraints of the learning environment as well (Kozma, 1991). This article examines how different internal learner characteristics (e.g., prior knowledge, self efficacy and interest) and different external constraints (e.g., learner control, instructional design and level of control) influence the learning process. Specifically, we address learning from a variety of multimedia environments such as video, hypertexts, kiosks and other hypermedia within a schema theoretic approach that incorporates a constructivist view.

The Role of Context in Learning and Instructional Design

Abstract: Context is a pervasive and potent force in any learning event. Yet instructional design models contain little guidance about how to accommodate contextual elements to improve learning and transfer. This paper defines context, outlines its levels and types, specifies some pertinent contextual factors within these types, suggests methods for conducting a contextual analysis and utilizing its results for instructional design, and outlines future issues for context-based instructional design. The incorporation of a contextual approach to instruction will make our design models systemic as well as systematic.

Grounded Practice and the Design of Constructivist Learning Environments

Abstract: A variety of instructional approaches has been studied and implemented across educational and training settings. Vastly different design practices have been proposed that reflect fundamentally different philosophies, beliefs, and biases. Yet, evidence of mismatched frameworks and methods are widespread. This has become particularly problematic in advancing emerging constructivist learning environments. In this paper, we advance the concept of grounded design, a process that involves linking the practices of learning systems design with related theory and research. The purposes of this paper are to introduce the fundamentals of grounded design, to describe how underlying foundations and assumptions can be aligned with the corresponding methods, and to introduce examples of grounded constructivist learning environments.

Using multimedia to overcome the problems with problem based learning

Abstract: Much of the literature on problem based learning (PBL) is concerned with efficacy or with guidelines on design or implementation. Relatively few articles focus on problems with problem based learning, and none that we could find provided suggestions as to how interactive multimedia might help alleviate those problems. In this article we begin with a review of problem based learning including a rationale for its use in the curriculum. Then we identify some of the problems inherent in designing and implementing problem based learning, and end the article with a discussion of how multimedia might be used to address some of those problems.

Content-Based Instruction in Foreign Language Education: Models and Methods.

Abstract: This book offers concrete and practical ideas for implementing content-based instruction - using subject matter rather than grammar - through eleven case studies of cutting-edge models in a broad variety of languages, academic settings, and levels of proficiency. The highly innovative models illustrate content-based instruction programs for both commonly and less-commonly taught languages - Arabic, Croatian, French, German, Indonesian, Italian, Russian, Serbian, and Spanish - and for proficiency levels ranging from beginners to fluent speakers. They include single-teacher and multi-teacher contexts and such settings as typical language department classrooms, specialty schools, intensive language programs, and university programs in foreign languages across the curriculum. All of the contributors are pioneers and practitioners of content-based instruction, and the methods they present are based on actual classroom experiences. Each describes the rationale, curriculum design, materials, and evaluation procedures used in an actual curriculum and discusses the implications of the approach for adult language acquisition.

Interactivity: From Agents to Outcomes.

Abstract: The key to successful teaching at a distance is still the active participation of the learners.

Cognitive Strategy Instruction in Mathematics for Students with Learning Disabilities

Abstract: This article provides a context for understanding and using cognitive strategy instruction to improve students' performance in mathematics. The theoretical and research base for strategy instruction is reviewed, and characteristics of students who have difficulties in mathematics are discussed from a developmental perspective. Then, a practical illustration of cognitive strategy instruction used to assess and teach mathematical problem solving to middle school students with learning disabilities is presented.

Instructional Design in Mathematics for Students with Learning Disabilities

Abstract: The low achievement level of students with learning disabilities has multiple causes. One is the mismatch between the students' learning characteristics and the design of instructional materials and practices. Design principles better suited to the characteristics of students with learning disabilities are described and illustrated for five areas: (a) big ideas; (b) conspicuous strategies; (c) efficient use of time; (d) clear, explicit instruction on strategies; and (e) appropriate practice and review. Wider application of these design principles, in instructional material and in actual teaching, could contribute to far higher achievement levels in mathematics for students with learning disabilities.

Teaching and learning at a distance : what it takes to effectively design, deliver, and evaluate programs

Abstract: Teaching and learning at a distance is an area of education that is growing rapidly alongside the technology that makes it possible. But success in this area requires more than advanced technology; it requires skillful instructors, well-designed courses, and students ready to learn from the format. This issue of New Directions for Teaching and Learning provides insights from experienced practitioners into what is needed to make teaching and learning at a distance successful for everyone involved. This is the 71st issue of the quarterly journal New Directions for Teaching and Learning. .

Interactivity and multimedia interfaces

Abstract: Multimedia technology offers instructional designers an unprecedented opportunity to create richly interactive learning environments. With greater design freedom comes complexity. The standard answer to the problems of too much choice, disorientation, and complex navigation is thought to lie in the way we design the interactivity in a system. Unfortunately, the theory of interactivity is at an early stage of development. After critiquing the decision cycle model of interaction – the received theory in human computer interaction – I present arguments and observational data to show that humans have several ways of interacting with their environments which resist accommodation in the decision cycle model. These additional ways of interacting include: preparing the environment, maintaining the environment, and reshaping the cognitive congeniality of the environment. Understanding how these actions simplify the computational complexity of our mental processes is the first step in designing the right sort of resources and scaffolding necessary for tractable learner controlled learning environments.

Revisioning models of instructional development

Abstract: Instructional development (ID) models are almost as numerous as the practitioners of instructional development. The role of models in instructional development is to provide conceptual and communication tools that can be used to visualize, direct, and manage processes for generating episodes of guided learning. Instructional development can be practiced in a variety of settings and various models have been created that reflect this variation. This article presents some of the early history of instructional development models, reviews some of the more influential ID models, and discusses the possible impact of selected trends on futgure models of instructional development.

Applying Active Learning Methods to the Design of Library Instruction for a Freshman Seminar

Abstract: Active learning methods were employed in designing library instruction for an experimental freshman seminar at California State University-San Bernardino. Rather than rely on the traditional lecture/demonstration format, the centerpiece of the ninety-minute “one-shot” sessions was a small-group, self-guided exercise focusing on the library’s online system. As a prelude to the hands-on exercise, students participated in class discussions on the importance of information literacy. Opportunities for individual instruction also were provided. Student, librarian, and faculty evaluations of the sessions were favorable.

Effects of Instructional Variables on Engaged Behavior of Students with Disabilities in General Education Classrooms

Abstract: This article presents results from an observational study analyzing the effect of instructional variables on the engaged behavior of 29 students with moderate, severe, or profound intellectual disabilities who were included full time in general education elementary classrooms. Results indicated that one-to-one, small group, and independent work arrangements were associated with higher engaged behavior than whole class instruction. Three instructional contexts associated with the highest levels of engaged behavior were identified. Results are discussed in relation to building effective instructional contexts for students with severe disabilities in general education elementary classes.

Mathematics Instruction for Secondary Students with Learning Disabilities

Abstract: Secondary students with learning disabilities generally make inadequate progress in mathematics. Their achievement is often limited by a variety of factors, including prior low achievement, low expectations for success, and inadequate instruction. This article will discuss techniques that have been demonstrated to be effective with secondary students who have learning disabilities in mathematics.

Design Considerations for Computer Conferences

Abstract: This article describes a formative evaluation of computer conferences for preservice teachers during 5 semesters of implementation on a campuswide system. The successes and problems encountered by students in 24 sections of an upper-level undergraduate course on technology use in the classroom were evaluated by the 4-person research team. We used qualitative participant and observer research methods to understand why and how students participated in the computer conferences. Six design considerations emerged as we addressed challenges: (a) grading system, (b) grouping, (c) collaboration, (d) relevance, (e) learner control, and (f) technological preparation. During our study we made changes associated with all 6 design considerations. Finally, we examined students’ conference messages and their postcourse surveys from the first and the last semesters as we continued to evaluate the impact of the design considerations on the conferences.

Designing for learning: What are the essential features of an effective online course?

Abstract: How do online courses differ from traditional university courses? What are the new learning demands made on students in online courses? Which particular design features optimise the teaching and learning process in an online delivery mode? These were the questions explored in a collaborative course design project involving an economics lecturer and the instructional designer at Murdoch University. Emerging from the project is the fully online course Economic Thought and Controversy , together with an instructional design template. This template is now being applied to other courses in the discipline with the aim of transferring the whole economics programme to online delivery in 1998. This paper describes the pedagogical rationale of the design template.

Competence in Teaching at a Distance

Abstract: One cannot be successful as a distance teacher by simply transferring classroom-based strategies to the new media.