Showing papers on "Matching (statistics) published in 1970"
TL;DR: The resulting maximum likelihood estimate is expressed in a closed form up to the case of two-to-one matching, while with 3 or more controls for each case a simple iterative procedure of obtaining the estimate is presented.
Abstract: Point and interval estimation of relative risk is investigated for the purpose of casecontrol studies of disease etiology with individual matching of cases and controls. It is assumed that the disease is rare and that the relative risk bears no relatioln to the matching factors. The resulting maximum likelihood estimate is expressed in a closed form up to the case of two-to-one matching, while with 3 or more controls for each case a simple iterative procedure of obtaining the estimate is presented. Results for exact and approximate interval estimation are also derived.
293 citations
TL;DR: My reservations about the efficiency motive for matching in retrospective studies do not represent conclusions from any mathematical model but have a rather nonmathematical rationale.
Abstract: In a recent article in Biometrics (1) I considered, among other matters, the efficiency of pairwise matching in experiments and in prospective nonexperimental studies. In a passing comment I cautioned against applying the statistical efficiency results to retrospective studies, pointing out that with the retrospective approach matching generally tends to reduce efficiency and would therefore have to be motivated by the pursuit of validity alone. That note has drawn a reaction in this journal from Bross (2), who attributes my view to the use of an "unrealistic" mathematical model, attempts to refute my position by presenting a "simple hypothetical counterexample", and maintains that even in retrospective studies it is reasonable to seek design efficiency by "matching out a strong factor" in exploring the effect of a weaker factor. By reading my article (1), and possibly also the reference (3) given there and/or a subsequent discussion (4), the reader may verify that my reservations about the efficiency motive for matching in retrospective studies do not represent conclusions from any mathematical model but have a rather nonmathematical rationale. As to the "refutation" of the assertion at 1 Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, and Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, Mass. issue, in the "counterexample" Bross (2) does not actually compare the efficiency of the matched pairs design (involving constraints in the selection of control subjects together with a specific procedure of analysis) to that of using an independently selected control series. Instead, he merely compares two different ways of analyzing data from a study in which a matched control series was in fact used, an appropriate one (maintaining the original pairing) and a generally inappropriate one (with random repairing for analysis). Thus, Bross' "counterexample" illustrates the well-known analysis principle that efficiency is lost in hypothesistesting if matching is ignored in the analysis, but it has no bearing on the question of whether matching should be applied in the selection of the control series.
94 citations
85 citations
TL;DR: The use of matched sampling in experimental and nonexperimental research has been frustrated by the problems of attrition and incomplete matching as mentioned in this paper, and a rarallel set of desiderata became apparent during the computerized construction of two matched samples of black and white college graduates.
Abstract: The use of matched sampling in experimental and nonexperimental research has been frustrated by the problems of attrition and incomplete matching. The amount of attrition and incomplete matching. The amount of attrition of sample size and incomplete matching are shown to be a function of various aspects of the research, including the level of measurement of the matching variables, the sampling situation, the definition of a match, and the means used to construct matches. Several basic and heretofore neglected considerations in the conceptualization of a "match" are discussed. These considerations and a rarallel set of desiderata became apparent during the computerized construction of two matched samples of black and white college graduates. Three approaches to the computerization of matching are described, the last of which-"guaranteed variable caliper matching"- meets the desiderata. We describe our clerical and field procedures from the computerized matching to the final matching based on completed inte...
78 citations
72 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the theoretical background and construct validity of Conceptual Level (CL) are summarized in order to provide the basis for deriving the CL matching model, which coordinates learner CL and degree of structure of educational approach.
Abstract: The theoretical background and construct validity of Conceptual Level (CL) are summarized in order to provide the basis for deriving the CL matching model. The rationale for the CL matching model, which coordinates learner CL and degree of structure of educational approach, is described, and empirical support reviewed. A possible extension of the matching model based on coordinating learner “accessibility channels” with the form of presentation is summarized. Finally, a few problems in implementing matching models are noted.
69 citations
67 citations
TL;DR: One of the most important, but still inadequately resolved issues pertinent to factor analytically oriented research is that of matching factors from two or more independent studies as mentioned in this paper, which has been severely limited by a lack of equally powerful rotational methods for establishing identity of concepts across a series of researches.
Abstract: ONE of the most important, but still inadequately resolved issues pertinent to factor analytically oriented research is that of matching factors from two or more independent studies. Powerful though the methods of factor analysis may be for purposes of organizing masses of data within the context of a single multivariate experiment, their use in comprehensive, programmatic research has been severely limited by a lack of equally powerful rotational methods for establishing identity of concepts, as evidenced by matched factors, across a series of researches.
63 citations
TL;DR: Previous findings about the properties of visual and kinaesthetic storage systems and their relation to central processing capacity were confirmed and the hypothesis that translation takes place before storage in cross-modality matching tasks was confirmed.
Abstract: Predictions based on the model advanced by Connolly & Jones (1970) regarding the storage systems involved in cross-modality matching tasks were examined. Adult subjects made intra-modal and cross-modal matches to a range of standard stimuli under three conditions: zero delay between presentation of standard and subject producing his match, interpolation of 10-sec. unfilled interval and interpolation of 10-sec. filled interval. The results confirmed previous findings about the properties of visual and kinaesthetic storage systems and their relation to central processing capacity. The hypothesis that translation takes place before storage in cross-modality matching tasks was also confirmed.
53 citations
TL;DR: The acquisition curves for form were more gradual than for color and the monkeys did not revert to a position preference during transfer, and after 14 days of form matching the monkeys were retested on color matching and showed very high savings.
Abstract: Acquisition of noncorrective simultaneous matching by 11 rhesus monkeys varied a good deal, especially in the number of trials spent on position preference. When monkeys were required to transfer from color matching to form matching, there was a decrement in performance with only 2 of 10 subjects performing above chance during the first day of transfer, although most of the remaining animals performed above chance during the second day. The acquisition curves for form were more gradual than for color and the monkeys did not revert to a position preference during transfer. After 14 days of form matching the monkeys were retested on color matching and showed very high savings.
TL;DR: In this article, two classes of problems associated with specifying the controlling stimuli in matching experiments were discussed: control of matching behavior by cues other than the standard stimuli and the effective sample or standard stimulus set.
Abstract: Two classes of problems associated with specifying the controlling stimuli in matching experiments were discussed. The first class-control of matching behavior by cues other than the standard stimuli-was demonstrated by the results of a pseudomatching experiment. The second class related to the “effective” sample or standard stimulus set and to changes in the S’s matching strategy that may occur in a matching experiment.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This paper attempts to parameterize the task descriptions and then to analytically model the computational environments and the major findings were: the current large batch oriented system has minimized the cost of computing equipment but has unfortunately maximized task total cost.
Journal Article•
01 Jan 1970
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the Pijnacker agricultural auctions were analyzed by spectral techniques based on the fast Fourier transform and it was found that the short-run variations in prices could be described by a random-walk model.
Abstract: Summary Daily prices at the Pijnacker agricultural auctions were analyzed by some new spectral techniques based on the fast Fourier transform. Within the context of linear theory, it was found that the short-run variations in prices could be described by a random-walk model. No significant correlation was observed between these price movements and the short-run fluctuations in the amounts sold. Even the strong weekly cycle in supplies had no matching effect on prices.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors apply linear programming to the problem of designing an optimum tax package to make the 1967 British devaluation work, where the objective was to show how to release sufficient domestic resources so as to meet the extra exports demanded as a result of devaluation.
Abstract: This paper describes the application of linear programming to the problem of designing an optimum tax package to make the 1967 British devaluation work. The objective was to show how to release sufficient domestic resources so as to meet the extra exports demanded as a result of devaluation. It is important to realize that what matters is not the total amount of resources taken from the consumers, but the matching of these resources with the exportable goods demanded overseas. If this matching is not obtained, the tax policy may only cut down domestic production and employment without solving the balance-of-payments problem. The linear programming technique proved useful in tackling this problem of matching of demand and supply in particular directions. The particular tax package derived is heavy on those goods which have good export potential and/or high import content, and it avoids imposing taxes which will reduce domestic consumption without helping the balance of payments.