Showing papers on "Metropolitan area published in 1980"

Recent trends in urban spatial structure.

Abstract: Results of an investigation of the existence and significance of employment concentrations outside the central business districts of large metropolitan areas are presented. Trends in the intrametropolitan location of employment during te 1960s and early 1970s are examined by using small-area data for two points in time. The spatial detail of the data is roughly equivalent to that of census tracts. While it is known that cities are becoming multinucleated, studies with sufficient spatial detail to permit observations on alterations in urban subcenters are virtually nonexistent. This study explores those trends. Results are presented as (1) a review of the existing theory of urban subcenters and description of data sources and problems, (2) an examination of patterns of metropolitan deconcentration using traditional density approaches, (3) an application of an index of noncentral concentration derived from Lorenz curves measuring noncentrally focused spatial concentration, (4) a cartographic analysis of absolute changes in employment levels over the period of record for each city to identify employment growth centers outside the city center, and (5) an analysis of employment subcenters - their composition and transition - as a tool in delineating the process by which subcenters develop. 6 figures, 4 tables. (SAC)

The implications of contemporary redistribution trends for national urban policy

Abstract: Fueled United and social by States an forces, changed intense the demographic apace interaction during and of the industrial technological, 1970s. On landscape an interregional economic of the Fueled and social forces, the demographic and industrial landscape of the United States changed ap ce during he 1970s. On a int regi nal scale, we witnessed the continuing redistribution of population and economic activity away from the traditional northern urban-industrial heartland to the more recently developing southern and western regions. On an intraregional scale, the locus of residential, commercial and industrial growth increasingly shifted away from metropolitan central cities to their suburbs and exurbs and even on into relatively remote nonmetropolitan sectors of each region. Indeed, for the bulk of this nations metropolitan core cities, the absolute declines in middle-income population and employment opportunities have been so substantial that some scholars have begun to question whether they can, or even should, maintain the dominant residential and commercial positions they once held (Baer, 1976; Muller, 1978). In the wake of accelerating dispersion of population and jobs, a number of federal policies have been implemented to mitigate the social and economic problems that redistribution trends have engendered for many core cities and their inhabitants. These policies, which were titularly consolidated in 1978 under the rubric of the Carter Administration's National Urban Policy, appear to have been, at best, marginally successful and, in some instances, counterproductive, inadvertently generating side effects that have further weakened city economies. The reason for this lack of success, in my judgment, rests with the failure of many urban policies to give adequate recognition and weight to contemporary technological, economic and social dynamics underlying the locational decisions of people and firms, and the corresponding, changing functional roles large cities most effectively perform in our own advanced service economy. The aim of this paper is to examine contemporary interand intraregional redistribution trends with an eye toward drawing implications

Error Generation in Regional Input-Output Analysis and Its Implications for Nonsurvey Models

Abstract: There has recently been a dramatic increase in research on, and application of, regional input-output techniques. The need of many state governments and metropolitan planning agencies for workable economic models of their regions for use in measuring the economic and fiscal impacts of public and private investment decisions has been substantially increased by the growing issues of industrial shift, fiscal decline, environmental control, and energy planning.

Obstacles to the Study of Lawyer-Client Interaction: The Biography of a Failure

Abstract: This paper reports on an attempt by an interdisciplinary team to observe and record on tape lawyer-client interaction in the metropolitan Boston area in 1975-77. Current pressure for greater accountability to the public on the part of the legal profession makes the empirical, observational study of lawyer-client relations a timely, important topic. Despite the investment of much time and energy in creating conditions suitable for such a study, the project team failed to gain access to private lawyer-client encounters. The goal of the paper is to try to account for this failure, to analyze the nature of the obstacles encountered, and to stimulate speculation on how these obstacles might be overcome in the future. It is suggested that the doctrine of attorney-client privilege is the major obstacle which researchers must overcome. The idea of paying attorneys for their cooperation is also considered.

The Contribution of Crime to Urban Decline

Abstract: The fact that crime is higher in the larger urban centers and in the central cities of metropolitan areas suggests that crime has contributed to suburbanisation. Previous studies have been unable to extricate crime from other causes of suburbanisation and central city decline. The present study of residential mobility isolates the effect of property crime from other neighborhood characteristics, such as accessibility to workplace and social composition. In Dallas it is found that the repelling effects of crime for potential movers is greater for families with children than without and for more affluent families, white and black.

Current trends in the abuse of pentazocine and tripelennamine: the metropolitan St. Louis experience.

Abstract: A discussion of the intravenous use by narcotic addicts in metropolitan St. Louis of a combination of pentazocine and tripelennamine, known as “T's and blues,” is presented. The folklore and ritual of “T's and blues” use were gleaned from interviews with addicts. The cause of, possible adverse reactions to, and medical examiners' experience with this new mode of drug abuse are discussed. Pharmacology relative to the abuse of pentazocine and tripelennamine is reviewed.

Corporate organization and manufacturing branch plant closures in non-metropolitan areas

Abstract: Erickson R. A. (1980) Corporate organization and manufacturing branch plant closures in non-metropolitan areas, Reg. Studies 14, 491–501. The establishment of branch plants in non-metropolitan areas by metropolitan-based corporations has substantially increased manufacturing employment in many of the former regions. However, there has been speculation that, because branch plants are relatively easy to establish, corporations would be likely to close such plants in the event of recession or operating difficulties of the organization. Data on the performance of a large set of plants in non-metropolitan Wisconsin indicate that such branches are far less likely to close than establishments in general. This paper also examines the influences of alternative corporate organizational structures and related plant interdependencies, market environments, levels of capital investment, and acquisition on branch plant closure rates.

Extended commuting and the intermetropolitan periphery

Abstract: Extended metropolitan commuting is commonly related to a decline of the intermetropolitan periphery. It is frequently postulated that this peripheral zone will continue to shrink, and even vanish, as metropolitan commuting fields push ever outward, aided by the construction of limited access highways. To study this phenomenon, the intermetropolitan periphery of Appalachian Ohio is examined in terms of the trends evident in extended commuting from 1960 to 1970, the factors influencing it, and its impact on population growth. The results of the study raise many serious questions about statements which have been made on extended commuting and its consequences for the intermetropolitan periphery. There is little evidence to suggest that the disappearance of the periphery is imminent because of the expansion of commuting to metropolitan areas. Intensification, rather than expansion, is a more prevalent characteristic of the commuting fields. The role of limited access highways is less important than t...

The Australian urban system: Growth, change, and differentiation

Abstract: The author analyzes trends and patterns of urbanization in Australia from the nineteenth century to the present. In Part 1 theories and concepts of urbanization are outlined. Part 2 contains chapters on the distinctive nature of Australian urbanization demographic aspects of metropolitan growth the relationship between urbanization and economic modernization and population growth and change in the urban system. In Part 3 the internal structure of Australian cities is analyzed. Chapters are included on the social structure of cities social inequality and residential differentiation and the relationships between population political factors and regional policy

Differential Quality of Life in a Metropolitan Village

Abstract: With reference to a typical metropolitan village the research identifies two major community groups along a number of social and behavioural dimensions and delimits the territorial extent of each within the village space. Inter-group differences in life-style are found to be related to the residents' assessments of their individual quality of life. A structural model of life satisfaction is employed to determine the actual components of a good life for each of the communities in the settlement. Finally, the practical merits of a subjective viewpoint for social planning are demonstrated. IN many of the rural areas of Britain which experienced a net loss of population in the nineteenth century the trend has been reversed in the post-war period as tens of thousands of families have moved by choice from the cities to villages within commuting distance. Woodruffe (1976) has recently mapped these population movements for the inter-censal periods 1951i-61 and 1961-7i; but as early as 1963 Bracey was able to observe that 'most rural areas within thirty kilometres of a sizeable town now report increases in their residential population'. The dormitory settlements which have grown almost solely because of such out-migration from central cities have been termed metropolitan villages (Masser and Stroud, 1965). Within the metropolitan village the great divisor, in both a social and spatial sense, is class. The manner in which class divided rural communities within London's urban fringe formed the main thesis of Pahl's (1964) work in Hertfordshire, where he described how selective in-migration by middle-class commuters was creating two overlapping communities. Although both groups occupied the same geographic space the 'newcomers' lived and worked in different social and economic worlds from the established population. Similar circumstances have been reported from rural Hampshire (Hampshire C.C., 1966) and in villages close to other major English cities (Bracey, 1964; Crichton, 1965; Elias and Scotson, 1965; Thorns, 1968; Radford, 1970). Unfortunately little serious attention has been given to the situation in the remainder of the country. The number of studies which do exist allow some of the general social and spatial characteristics of metropolitan villages to be identified (Connell, 1974), but nowhere has an objective assessment been made of the quality of life experienced by the different population groups. The geographers' lack of knowledge has become particularly apparent with the recent emphasis on socially orientated research, and, in particular, the current concern with the welfare approach which at least one writer has suggested should be 'the focal point of human geography' (Smith, 1977). The main objectives of the present research were: i. To identify the number of distinct social communities within a typical metropolitan village, and to define the spatial extent or territory of each. 2. To examine the quality of life for each population group, and to determine the values assigned by each to the individual factors which constitute their general feeling of well-being. 185 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.170 on Wed, 19 Oct 2016 03:55:41 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Metropolitan growth and the intrametropolitan location of employment housing and labor force.

Abstract: The present study recognizes that households might change location not only in response to changes in workplace but also in response to changes in housing supply conditions. Furthermore it recognizes that household location decisions might in turn influence the distribution of employment and housing across metropolitan space. The study thus develops a simultaneous-equations model of urban growth and intraurban location that treats housing employment and labor force location within the same framework. (excerpt)

Residential Relocation of Older People Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan

Abstract: Using the 1970 one percent Public Use Sample tapes, the metropolitan/nonmetropolitan migration of persons age 60 and over are examined in this article. Between 1965 and 1970 they largely moved within the same general environmental settings. More than half of both intrastate and interstate migrants moved between or within metropolitan settings. Of the third who changed residential environments, 6% more moved from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas than the reverse. Thus, the turnaround is evident in these data. Concerning migrant characteristics, those moving to nonmetropolitan settings tended to be married and living independently. They also had more education and income than elderly nonmovers. They thus contributed to the gentrification of nonmetropolitan America. Some evidence of a more dependent elderly population moving to the metropolitan areas from outside them is seen in the data and its implications discussed.

Metropolitan to nonmetropolitan migration: a decision-making perspective

Abstract: The decision-making process governing metropolitan to nonmetropolitan migration in the United States is examined. In particular the authors attempt to separate the decision to move from the selection of a destination in their analysis. The importance of previous ties to specific locations as a factor influencing destination selection is noted. Linkages of reasons for moving are used to examine geographic patterns of turnaround migration to midwestern nonmetropolitan areas. (ANNOTATION)

Migration to nonmetropolitan areas: appraising the trend and reasons for moving

Abstract: The authors examine recent changes in migration between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan sectors in the United States and study the duration and motivational basis of the new migration patterns. The extent to which noneconomic considerations are responsible for the net migration to nonmetropolitan areas in the 1970s is investigated. Main reasons for moving are examined for migration between metropolitan areas between nonmetropolitan counties from nonmetropolitan to metropolitan areas and from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas. The effect of the interaction of net migration and natural increase on nonmetropolitan population growth is discussed

Modeling the Dynamics of a System of Metropolitan Areas: A Demoeconomic Approach

Abstract: This paper proposes a complete dynamic model of a system of metropolitan areas interacting through economic and demographic links, namely trade and migration respectively. It not only considers interregional effects (through an interregional input–output submodel) but also intraregional effects (through a set of Garin–Lowry submodels). In addition it allows the simultaneous determination of migration rates, labor-force-participation rates, and unemployment rates. Suggestive of the demoeconomic approach, this model also reveals the methodological difficulties that such an approach implies.

An evaluation of metropolitan area tax base sharing

Abstract: Tax base sharing is a mechanism for sharing the fiscal benefits of metropolitan area growth while maintaining the autonomy of local governments. Proponents of tax base sharing suggest that it will reduce metropolitan area fiscal disparities and thereby help alleviate the fiscal problems of central cities , reduce area horizontal inequities , and stimulate a more efficient pattern of area land use. In this paper these claims are evaluated , both on conceptual grounds and using data from the nation's only operating tax base sharing plan (in Minnesota). The plan is found to be moderately successful in reducing horizontal inequities , but there is little evidence that base sharing induces more efficient patterns of economic development.

Downtown auto restraint policies: costs and benefits for boston

Abstract: The Boston metropolitan area was chosen as a case study in an analysis of benefits and costs of a number of measures designed to restrain car use and reduce congestion in the CBD. Policies examined all produce positive net benefits particularly during peak periods. Parking surcharges and area licence schemes generate the highest annual net benefits which would perhaps double over 10-20 years. The optimal parking surcharge, or licence fee, would reduce the number of cars entering Boston's central area by 15-35%. Key factors favourable to area restraint are high levels of downtown traffic congestion and a relatively difficult to expand highway system. (TRRL)

Determinants of Population Density Gradient in Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area

Abstract: The author attempts to analyze and present some empirical results on the determinants of urban population density gradient and their behavior through time. A model of population density is developed and applied to pooled cross-sectional and times-series data for the Tel Aviv metropolitan area (ANNOTATION)

The changing demography of the central city

Abstract: A term that has been applied to describe what has happened too many metropolitan areas of the U.S. since World War II is "doughnut complex." In many places the hole in the doughnut is a decaying central city and the ring is a prosperous and growing suburban and exurban region. In a few major municipalities such as New York the hole is a core area of the city that is being revitalized and the ring is a surrounding part of the city that is becoming increasingly blighted; the central-city doughnut is surrounded by the usual prosperous suburban area. The question of what to do about the decay of central cities or major parts of them has occupied the attention of local state and Federal officials and of specialists in urban planning. Policies such as urban renewal subsidized housing and aid to mass transit have been tried to a limited degree and with limited success. Some observers see "gentrification" and the possibility of chronic gasoline shortages as forces that might revivify the central cities. Gentrification is the refurbishing of central-city neighborhoods such as Brooklyn Heights in New York and Georgetown in Washington by people who are well educated and well-to-do. It certainly has affected parts of some cities but the statistics show that it is a minuscule trend compared with the other forces affecting cities. Whether severe and chronic gasoline shortages would impel a large back-to-the-city movement remains to be seen although in a strongly automobile-oriented society other alternatives seem likelier. Our purpose here is to examine the statistics that reflect the position of the cities and to consider what might be done about the doughnut-complex phenomenon. (excerpt)

Double marginality of black policemen

Abstract: This article explores the extent to which black policemen are victims of “double marginality” (Alex. 1969). From secondary data on 576 black male policemen in a large metropolitan area, it was found that the concept of double marginality has little explanatory power in accounting for variation in either black officers' perception of public involvement in police affairs or black officers' perception of police authority. These findings raise serious questions about the general applicability of the marginality concept in explaining black officer' perceptions today.