Showing papers on "Phenol published in 1978"

Surface-Treated Activated Carbon for Removal of Ammonia from Water

Abstract: Adsorption of phenol from dilute solutions has been studied on porous and nonporous carbons, as well as on ion-exchange resins. At a given equilibrium concentration, uptake of phenol on nonporous carbons per unit area is determined by the nature of the carbon surface. Phenol uptake on porous activated carbons decreases sharply upon surface oxidation. However, progressive elimination of chemisorbed oxygen from the oxidized carbon upon heat treatment at increasing temperatures in N2 increases the phenol adsorption capacity. The capacity is further enhanced if following heat treatment in N2 at 950 [ddot]C the samples are reacted with H2 at 300 [ddot]C. The mechanism of phenol adsorption on carbons has been discussed. Activated carbons are more effective adsorbents for phenol than commercial ion-exchange resins.

Fractation of oil obtained by pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials to recover a phenolic fraction for use in making phenol-formaldehyde resins

Abstract: A method is provided for fractionation of oil obtained by pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials to obtain useful chemical fractions, including a phenolic fraction which is suitable as a total or partial replacement for phenol in making phenol-formaldehyde resins. The method comprises mixing the oil with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide to a pH level at which the neutral fraction of the oil is selectively soluble in a solvent such as methylene chloride or ether, and the mixture is extracted with the solvent to obtain a first extract containing the solvent and the neutral fraction, and a first raffinate containing the remaining fractions of the oil, i.e., the phenolic fraction, the organic acids fraction and an amorphous residue. The neutral fraction is recovered by distillation and the first raffinate is mixed with sulfuric acid to lower its pH to a level at which the phenolic fraction is selectively soluble in the solvent. This raffinate is extracted with the solvent to obtain a second extract containing the solvent and the phenolic fraction and a second raffinate containing the organic acids and the residues. The phenolic fraction is recovered by distillation and the second raffinate is mixed with sulfuric acid to lower its pH to a level at which the organic acids are selectively soluble in the solvent. After separation of the residues, the second raffinate is extracted with the solvent to obtain a third extract which is distilled to recover the organic acids fraction of the oil. The phenolic fraction may be used as partial or total replacement for pure phenol in making phenol-formaldehyde resins.

Catalytic aromatic carbonate process

Abstract: An improved catalytic aromatic carbonate process which comprises contacting under substantially anhydrous reaction conditions a phenol, carbon monoxide, an oxidant, a base, and the Group VIIIB element selected from ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium or platinum. The resulting aromatic mono- and poly-carbonates are useful in the preparation of polycarbonates or as polycarbonates per se, respectively, which can be molded or formed into films, sheets, fibers, laminates or reinforced plastics by conventional techniques.

Oxidative destruction of phenol and other organic water residuals by iron(VI) ferrate

Abstract: In order to investigate the potential of the ferrate ion for effective waste treatment, laboratory studies were conducted on its reactivity with various dissolved organics, including benzene, substituted benzenes (e.g., toluene, aniline, and phenol), and aliphatic alcohols (e.g., 1-hexene-4-ol and ethanol). Ferrate ion and organic substrates showed a low reactivity above pH 8 except for those compounds which form a strongly nucleophilic group, such as aniline and phenol. Ferrate ion is capable of effective oxidation at all pH values for many compounds, even though there is no apparent increase in reaction rate with ferrate ion concentration. In phenol oxidation, the initial ferrate concentration is more important at higher ferrate to phenol ratio than at lower ratios. The activity of phenol with ferrate ion increases as the formation of the phenolate ion increases. The data show that ferrate is a selective oxidant with respect to dissolved organic compounds and is capable of at least partially oxidizing several groups. At present, the predicted response of organics with respect to ferrate ion oxidation is very difficult to quantify.

Polyimide-esters and filaments prepared from 4-(4'-carboxyphthalimido)benzoic acid or 4-(4'-hydroxyphthalimido)phenol

Abstract: High modulus filaments are melt-spun from polyimide-esters derived from 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid and either a substituted diphenol and 4-(4'-carboxyphthalimido)benzoic acid or terephthalic acid and 4-(4'-hydroxyphthalimido)phenol. The polyimide esters are optically anisotropic in the melt. As-spun filaments from these polymers can be heat treated while free from tension to increase their tenacity.

Process for the preparation of aromatic carbonic acid esters

Abstract: Carbonic diesters containing at least one aromatic ester group can be prepared from carbonic diesters containing at least one aliphatic ester group by transesterification using a phenol, titanium dioxide having a surface area of at least 20 m2 /g as determined by the BET method being used as catalyst.

Catalytic aromatic carbonate process

Abstract: Catalytic aromatic carbonate process which comprises contacting a phenol, carbon monoxide, an oxidant, a base, and a Group VIIIB element selected from ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium or platinum. The resulting aromatic mono- and polycarbonates are useful in the preparation of polycarbonates or as polycarbonates, per se, respectfully, which can be molded or formed into films, sheets, fibers, laminates or reinforced plastics by conventional techniques.

Phenol-free and chlorinated hydrocarbon-free photoresist stripper comprising surfactant and hydrotropic aromatic sulfonic acids

Abstract: Stripping solutions, free from phenol and chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds, comprising a surfactant alkylarylsulfonic acid having 12-20 carbons, a hydrotropic aromatic sulfonic acid having 6-9 carbons and a halogen-free aromatic hydrocarbon solvent with a boiling point above 150° C. The stripping compositions effectively remove organic polymeric substances from inorganic substrates and are substantially clear water rinsable.

Ideal gas thermodynamic properties of phenol and cresols

Abstract: The standard chemical thermodynamic properties of phenol, o‐cresol, and m‐cresol, and p‐cresol were calculated by use of the rigid rotor harmonic oscillator approximation. The partition functions for internal rotation of ‐OH and ‐CH3 groups were calculated as a direct sum over the internal rotation energy levels. It was assumed that o‐cresol is a mixture of two rotational isomers. Values of molecular parameters, fundamental frequencies, potential barriers to internal rotation and enthalpies of formation were selected from among those reported in the literature and from some additional molecular orbital calculations.

Phenol modified mannich reaction products from oxidized polymers

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the Mannich condensation reaction of oxidized olefinic polymers. The condensation reaction is carried out in the presence of about 0.01 to 25.0 weight percent of an oil soluble phenol based on the neat polymer. The phenols improve the processing and properties of the oxidized oil soluble Mannich reaction product.

Biosynthesis of dolichyl phosphate: characterization and site of synthesis in algae.

Abstract: This is the first report not only on the presence of polyprenyl phosphates and their site of synthesis in algae, but also on the formation of their sugar derivatives in this system. A glucose acceptor lipid was isolated from the nonphotosynthetic alga Prototheca zopfii. The lipid was acidic and resistant to mild acid and alkaline treatments. The glucosylated lipid was labile to mild acid hydrolysis and resistant to phenol treatment and catalytic hydrogenation, as dolichyl phosphate glucose is. These results are consistent with the properties of an α-saturated polyprenyl phosphate. The polyprenylic nature of the lipid was confirmed by biosynthesis from radioactive mevalonate. The [ 14 C]lipid had the same chromatographic properties as dolichyl phosphate in DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex LH-20. Strong alkaline treatment and enzymic hydrolysis liberated free alcohols with chain lengths ranging from C 90 to C 105 , C 95 and C 100 being the most abundant molecular forms. The glucose acceptor activity of the biosynthesized polyprenyl phosphate was confirmed. The ability of different subcellular fractions to synthesize dolichyl phosphate was studied. Mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus were the sites of dolichyl phosphate synthesis from mevalonate.

Production of modified phenolic resin

Abstract: PURPOSE: A phenolic resin is modified with a modifier that is prepared by reacting an organic carboxylic acid or its derivative with both terminal hydroxyl groups of polyethylene glycol, thus producing said modified phenolic resin having high insulation property and not causing the formation of bulge. CONSTITUTION: To (A) a phenol and (B) an aldehyde is added (C) a modifier that is prepared by heating a polyethylene glycol of 300W1000 average molecular weight and a stoichiometric amount, based on the terminal hydroxyl groups, of an organic carboxylic acid or its derivative as benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid or acetic acid at 150W160°C to effect dehydration until the theoretical amount of water is distilled off and the mixture is made to react in the presence of an alkaline catalyst. The amount of the modifier added is 20W150g per mol the phenol used. COPYRIGHT: (C)1980,JPO&Japio

Positive-type O-quinone diazide containing photoresist compositions

Abstract: A gallic acid alkyl ester or a gallic acid aryl ester is reacted in an inert solvent with 3 equivalents of naphthoquinone-(1,2)-diazido-(2)-sulfonyl chloride in the presence of an alkali to effect sulfonylation of 3 hydroxyl groups in the gallic acid moiety whereby a photodecomposable naphthoquinone-(1,2)-diazido-(2)-sulfonic acid ester is obtained. The new naphthoquinonediazido derivative thus obtained is mixed with an alkali-soluble phenol resin such as m-cresol novolac resin or phenol novolac resin to prepare a positive-type photoresist composition having high sensitivity and high resolving power as well as excellent dimensional accuracy and etching-resistance. In addition, this composition forms a good photosensitive film and can be a good ink receptor.

Process for the hydroxylation of aromatic compounds

Abstract: Aromatic hydrocarbons and particularly phenols and phenol ethers can be hydroxylated by reacting the aromatic compound with hydrogen peroxide in a reaction medium comprising trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. High yields of hydroxylated aromatic compounds are obtained by this process which avoids the use of extremely corrosive and difficult to handle agents. Phenol is hydroxylated predominantly to hydroquinone by this process.

Low emission phenolic resin compositions

Abstract: Phenol is condensed with a substantial excess of formaldehyde in the presence of a minor amount of a glycol or a polyalkylene glycol to provide a resole useful as an impregnating resinous binder for paper substrates.

Synthesis and exchange reactions of some polymeric benzotriazolides

Abstract: The benzotriazolides of N-methacryloylglycine, N-methacrylolyl-e-aminocaproic acid, and 4-methacryloxybenzoic acid, have been prepared and polymerized. The exchange reactions of the resulting polymers with amines, alcohols, and phenol have been studied.

Bridged phenol metal salt/halo carboxylic acid condensate additives for lubricants

Abstract: Compositions made by reacting (I) a metal phenoxide salt of a bridged phenol of 2 to about 20 phenol groups and (II) a carboxylic acid reagent containing from one to about three carboxyl-based groups and a halogen-substituted hydrocarbon-based aliphatic or alicyclic group containing a halogen atom are useful as additives for lubricants and normally liquid fuels. Analogous thiophenoxide-based compositions are similarly useful. These compositions can also be used as intermediates for the preparation of other useful additive compositions through their reaction with alcohols, amino compounds, and reactive small ring heterocycles.

Laminates prepared from resol-type phenol resins

Abstract: A new resol-type phenol resin is described which is obtained by heat-reacting isopropenylphenol oligomer as partial or whole phenol component of the resin with an aldehyde in the presence of a basic catalyst. Varnishes are obtained by adding a suitable vehicle to the resin. Laminates manufactured by impregnating a base with the phenol resin and heating the impregnated base to cure the resin are obtained with superior mechanical and electrical characteristics.

Process for alkylating phenolic compounds to produce ortho- and para-monoalkylated phenols and 2,4- and 2,6-dialkylated phenols

Abstract: Ortho- and para-monoalkylated phenols and 2,4- and 2,6-dialkylphenols can be produced from phenolic compounds in good yields. The phenolic compound is reacted with an aldehyde having one to ten carbon atoms and a secondary aliphatic amine having a basic dissociation constant, pK b , of less than about 3.6 measured at 25° C. The reaction is conducted in the liquid phase with at least a stoichiometric amount of the phenolic compound, the aldehyde and the secondary amine, or with an excess of the phenolic compound with the stoichiometric amounts of the aldehyde and the secondary amine. The reaction is conducted at a temperature in the range of around 0° C. to about 25° C., and the reaction produces an aminoalkylated phenol. The aminoalkylated phenol is contacted with hydrogen in the presence of a metal catalyst at a temperature of about 120° C. to about 140° C. at a hydrogen pressure not greater than 150 psi to produce a mixture of ortho-monoalkylphenol, para-monoalkylphenol and 2,4- and 2,6-alkylphenol. These compounds are separated to produce ortho-monoalkylphenol, para-monoalkylphenol, 2,4-dialkylphenol and 2,6-dialkylphenol.

Preparation of modified polyester

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain a polyester having improved thermal stability which is modified with a polyether, by adding a compound having a sterically hindered phenol groups. CONSTITUTION:A bifunctional carboxylic acid consisting mainly of terephthalic acid, or its ester-forming derivative is reacted with a glycol or its ester-forming derivative and a polyether, and a compound having a sterically hindered phenol group is added to the reaction system from the time the hydroxyl group concentration of the reaction mixture reaches 260 equivalents/10 g till the completion of the polymerization to give a modified polyester. A compound of formula I: [R is -NH-, etc.; Y is -OR - (R is alkylene), etc.; Z is C, S, etc.; n and m are integers 1-4; l is an integer 2 or 4] may be cited as the compound having the phenol group, e.g. compounds of formulas II and III.

Process for the production of hydroxybenzyl alcohols

Abstract: A process is provided for the production of hydroxybenzyl alcohols, comprising condensing phenol with formaldehyde in an alkaline solution to form a mixture of ortho- and para-hydroxymethyl phenols, and solvent extracting unreacted phenol from the resulting alkaline hydroxybenzyl alcohol condensate solution. The phenol-reduced hydroxybenzyl alcohol condensate solution is particularly suited for treatment with excess caustic and subsequent oxidation of the resulting aqueous solution of ortho- and para-hydroxybenzyl alcohols-sodium salt to yield the corresponding ortho- and para-hydroxybenzaldehydes-sodium salt.

Production of thermosetting phenol-formaldehyde resins

Abstract: Thermosetting water-immiscible phenol-formaldehyde resins in which a large proportion of the linkages between the benzene rings are benzyl ether linkages located ortho to the phenolic hydroxyl groups are produced by reaction of at least one mole of formaldehyde with 1 mole of phenol in an aqueous reaction medium in the presence of a metal carboxylate catalyst, such as, zinc acetate. Methods of control of the exothermic addition of formaldehyde to phenol are described.