Showing papers on "Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector published in 1980"
Book•
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an active and passive building heating system for solar thermal power systems, where the active system is designed by f--chart and the passive one by Utilizability Methods.
Abstract: FUNDAMENTALS. Solar Radiation. Available Solar Radiation. Selected Heat Transfer Topics. Radiation Characteristics of Opaque Materials. Radiation Transmission Through Glazing: Absorbed Radiation. Flat--Plate Collectors. Concentrating Collectors. Energy Storage. Solar Process Loads. System Thermal Calculations. Solar Process Economics. APPLICATIONS. Solar Water Heating----Active and Passive. Building Heating----Active. Building Heating: Passive and Hybrid Methods. Cooling. Industrial Process Heat. Solar Thermal Power Systems. Solar Ponds: Evaporative Processes. THERMAL DESIGN METHODS. Simulations in Solar Process Design. Design of Active Systems by f--Chart. Design of Active Systems by Utilizability Methods. Design of Passive and Hybrid Heating Systems. Design of Photovoltaic Systems. Appendices. Author Index. Subject Index.
9,391 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental limit of the performance of a tandem structure is presented, taking into account the fact that a particular cell is not only illuminated by part of the solar irradiance but also by the electroluminescence of other cells of the set.
Abstract: The fundamental (detailed balance) limit of the performance of a tandem structure is presented. The model takes into account the fact that a particular cell is not only illuminated by part of the solar irradiance but also by the electroluminescence of other cells of the set. Whereas, under 1 sun irradiance, a single solar cell only converts 30% of the solar energy, a tandem structure of two cells can convert 42%, a tandem structure of three cells can convert 49%, etc. Under the highest possible light concentration, these efficiencies are 40% (one cell), 55% (two cells), 63% (three cells), etc. The model also allows us to predict the ideal efficiency of a stack with an infinite number of solar cells. Such a tandem system can convert 68% of the unconcentrated sunlight, and 86% of the concentrated sunlight.
855 citations
Patent•
18 Aug 1980
TL;DR: The apparatus for collecting, distributing and utilizing solar radiation includes a solar collection panel (24) having an array of solar gathering cells (1, 37) which provide radiation to a light collecting unit (3, 4, 39) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The apparatus for collecting, distributing and utilizing solar radiation includes a solar collection panel (24) having an array of solar gathering cells (1, 37) which provide radiation to a light collecting unit (3, 4, 39). This light collecting unit (3, 4, 39) provides radiation as a single beam to a lens system (5, 7) which provides a coherent beam to a lightpipe (8). This beam is then directed to use units such as a light to electricity converter (100, 154), heat distributing elements (202, 213, 230, 244, 270) and light distributing elements (322, 336, and 348).
176 citations
TL;DR: The possibility of using thermocouples made from Bi2Te3 alloys in solar thermoelectric generators is investigated in this article, where experiments have been carried out for two systems.
97 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey is given on the various electrochemical systems which can be used for the conversion of solar light into electrical or chemical energy. And a brief outline of the prospects for application is given.
Abstract: A survey is given on the various electrochemical systems which can be used for the conversion of solar light into electrical or chemical energy. They are compared with the similar processes in photosynthesis and their advantages or disadvantages are outlined. Systems based on the photovoltages obtained at semiconductorelectrolyte junctions have reached the highest efficiencies and are discussed in more detail. The theoretically possible conversion efficiencies are outlined and the difficulties to reach them are explained. Photodecomposition of the semiconductor electrode is the most serious problem, for which the thermodynamic and kinetic conditions are discussed. Finally, a brief outline of the prospects for application is given.
83 citations
Patent•
03 Apr 1980TL;DR: In this article, an improved bus for current collection in photovoltaic solar cells is presented, which is prefabricated from a highly conductive metal and is corrugated to compensate for differences in thermal coefficients of expansion between the bus and the solar cell body.
Abstract: The invention teaches an improved bus for current collection in photovoltaic solar cells. The bus is prefabricated from a highly conductive metal and is corrugated to compensate for differences in thermal coefficients of expansion between the bus and the solar cell body.
83 citations
TL;DR: The technology and thermal performance of intermediate temperature solar collectors is summarized and the status of thermal and thermo-chemical storage methods is reviewed in this article, where it is concluded that collector technology is commercially available to achieve delivery temperatures up to 350°F at averaged yearly efficiencies better than 30 per cent in good solar climates and that linear parabolic, single-axis tracking troughs are the best types of collectors currently available for intermediate temperature applications.
80 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show a new habit that, actually it's a very old habit to do that can make your life more qualified, change your habit to hang or waste the time to only chat with your friends.
Abstract: Change your habit to hang or waste the time to only chat with your friends. It is done by your everyday, don't you feel bored? Now, we will show you the new habit that, actually it's a very old habit to do that can make your life more qualified. When feeling bored of always chatting with your friends all free time, you can find the book enPDF photochemical conversion and storage of solar energy and then read it.
80 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a black-body intermediate absorber with an absorption edge at the energy of the solar cell was proposed to improve the efficiency of the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy by solar cells.
Abstract: The efficiency of the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy by solar cells is improved if the incident solar radiation is first absorbed by an intermediate absorber. The reemitted radiation is directed onto the solar cell. This mode of operation is known as thermophotovoltaic energy conversion. A black-body intermediate absorber is advantageous for small-bandgap solar cells. An even higher improvement is, however, achieved by a selective intermediate absorber with an absorption edge at the energy of the bandgap of the solar cell. Furthermore, if only a narrow spectral interval of radiation near the absorption edge is transmitted through a filter from the intermediate absorber to the solar cell, a maximum efficiency of 65 percent is obtained for a solar cell and absorber with a bandgap of 0.8 eV.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the similarity theory of solar thermosyphon collector is developed and ten dimensionless groups or system characteristic parameters which uniquely determine the performance of the collector are derived.
TL;DR: In this article, a preliminary evaluation of the technical and economic feasibility of solar coal gasification has been performed, and the analysis indicates that the medium-Btu product gas from a solar coal-gasification plant would not only be less expensive than that from a Lurgi coal-coalification plant but also would need considerably less coal to produce the same amount of gas.
TL;DR: In this paper, a reflector design has been developed which eliminates the loss of solar radiation through the gap between the tubular absorber and the reflector, which gives higher optical efficiencies by eliminating the gap losses and enhancing the net absorptance of the receiver tubes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the development and deployment of low-cost thin-film solar cells for the direct conversion of sunlight to electricity can be accelerated by the utilization of loss minimization and cost minimization methodologies.
Abstract: The development and deployment of low-cost thin-film solar cells for the direct conversion of sunlight to electricity can be accelerated by the utilization of loss minimization and cost minimization methodologies. The solar cell is separated into its five constituent layers to provide a common basis for the development of these methodologies. Photovoltaic theory, materials science, and loss analysis are combined to develop the loss minimization methodology which can be used to systematically improve and optimize performance of any solar-cell material system. The techniques of the chemical process industry have been applied to achieve cost minimization. The loss-and cost-minimization methodologies have been combined into a generalized procedure for the accelerated development of all low-cost thin-film photovoltaic material systems.
TL;DR: In this paper, the photovoltaic cell within a composite stack of the receiver for a concentrating PV-electric power system is modelled as a combination electricity and waste heat generator.
Patent•
03 Jul 1980TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a control system for a solar-assisted heating and cooling system including solar collector system, thermal storage system, a thermal storage fluid, a water-to-air heat pump, and a domestic water heater.
Abstract: A control system for a solar-assisted heating and cooling system including solar collector system, a thermal storage system, a water-to-air heat pump, a water-to-air heat exchanger, a domestic water heater, and a cooling tower. The preferred embodiment of the controller of the present invention includes a first temperature sensing means for sensing the temperature of the collector fluid at the outlet of the solar collector system, a second temperature sensing means for sensing the temperature of the storage fluid at the thermal storage system, and a third temperature sensing means for sensing the temperature of the inlet water to the domestic water heater. The controller energizes or deenergizes a collector fluid circulation pump and activates valve means to circulate the collector fluid between the collector system and the thermal storage system or the domestic water heater based on the temperature of the three sensors to provide efficient operation of the solar energy collection process. The controller compares the temperature of the thermal storage fluid with three control temperatures which define four temperature ranges. The controller, based on the temperature range in which the temperature of the thermal storage fluid falls, whether the system is in the heating or cooling mode, and whether there is a demand for heating or cooling automatically controls the thermal storage system, the heat pump, the heat exchanger, the cooling tower, and the connections therebetween to provide increased efficiency.
Patent•
02 May 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, a method and system for the passive solar energy induced storage and use of thermal energy at both high and low temperatures, comprising a collector (76,110) communicating with the atmosphere for collecting air acting as a carrier for thermal energy, an underground thermal storage reservoir (78,112) having a capacity sufficient to store thermal energy for substantially an entire heating or cooling season, and a solar chimney (82) providing convection means for at least in part inducing the natural circulation of air from the atmosphere into the collector into and through the thermal stock reservoir, and
Abstract: A method and system for the passive solar energy induced storage and use of thermal energy at both high and low temperatures, comprising a collector (76,110) communicating with the atmosphere for collecting air acting as a carrier for thermal energy, an underground thermal storage reservoir (78,112) having a capacity sufficient to store thermal energy for substantially an entire heating or cooling season, and a solar chimney (82) providing convection means for at least in part inducing the natural circulation of air from the atmosphere into the collector into and through the thermal storage reservoir, and outwardly from the reservoir back into the atmosphere, to transfer thermal energy between the collector (76,110) and the reservoir (78,112).
TL;DR: In this paper, two liquid type flat plate thermal collectors with selective surface have been modified by attaching 3'' diameter silicon solar cells, the measured cell array efficiencies were 8.84% and 9.20% at 28°C, AM 1.15%.
Abstract: Hybrid collector which produces both electric and thermal energy is very effective system for heightening efficiency of solar energy collector. In order to obtain the fundamental characteristics of these systems, two liquid type flat plate thermal collectors with selective surface have been modified by attaching 3'' diameter silicon solar cells. The measured cell array efficiencies were 8.84% and 9.20% at 28°C, AM 1.15. The maximum thermal efficiencies of these hybrid systems were 72% and 77% using water as coolant.
TL;DR: In this article, a solar thermal collector was constructed based on an internal 1.15X cusp concentrator, thermal insulation involving a vacuum and selective absorber, and thermal transfer to a manifold via heat-pipe action.
TL;DR: Theoretical thermal efficiency of hydrogen production by one-step water splitting utilizing solar heat at high temperatures is calculated in this article, where the thermal efficiency shows its maximum in the range of temperature between 1500 and 2700 K depending upon the solar concentration ratio and the method of product separation.
IBM1
Patent•
01 Aug 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, a system is provided in which a metered amount of water is converted to steam in a solar collector which employs an elongated convex lens to concentrate solar radiation on an elongation flow tube.
Abstract: A system is provided in which a metered amount of water is converted to steam in a solar collector which employs an elongated convex lens to concentrate solar radiation on an elongated flow tube. The stream is supplied to a concentric rotor turbine whose rotor includes driving portions which rotate in response to steam pressure on one axis and which includes a driven output element that rotates on a different axis.
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: This paper presents a more general design method for direct gain systems for building-integrated (passive) solar heating systems and examines the effects of design parameters on building energy needs.
Abstract: General design methods for building-integrated (passive) solar heating systems are needed to evaluate the effects of design parameters on building energy needs. For collector-storage walls, the Resistance Network Method and the Solar Load Ratio Method are available. For direct gain systems, however, the Solar Load Ratio Method is limited in the scope of system parameters which can be considered; it does not allow the examination of the effects of house capacitance, allowable room temperature swing, or alternative high and low room thermostat set point temperatures. A more general design method for direct gain systems is presented.
TL;DR: The cascade solar cell using two or more junctions has the potential for significantly increasing the efficiency of solar cells beyond that of single-junction cells as discussed by the authors, but before these efficiencies can be achieved, many material and device problems must be solved.
Abstract: The cascade solar cell using two or more junctions has the potential for significantly increasing the efficiency of solar cells beyond that of single-junction cells Theoretical calculations give AM0, one sun efficiencies of 30 percent or slightly higher Before these efficiencies can be achieved, many material and device problems must be solved This paper discusses these major material and device problems as related to the cascade solar cell concept Also presented are some experimental results on materials and devices which are presently being explored for use in the cascade solar cell
Patent•
21 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In this article, the photovoltaic cells are retained and protected by a transparent elastomer layer extruded when hot prior to vulcanization and applied against the cells with a slight pressure to cause it to go into the spaces between cells, and vulcanized by heating, for example at 110° C. or at 180° C., thanks to the presence of incorporated peroxides.
Abstract: The photovoltaic cells (6) are retained and protected by a transparent elastomer layer (12) extruded when hot prior to vulcanization and applied against the cells with a slight pressure to cause it to go into the spaces between cells, and vulcanized by heating, for example at 110° C. or at 180° C., thanks to the presence of incorporated peroxides. Application in the production of electricity from solar energy.
Patent•
12 Mar 1980
TL;DR: A solar energy collector in the shape of an inverted geometric cusp of the second kind is proposed in this article, which permits the collection of direct and diffuse solar radiation, and attenuates losses by thermal convection, conduction, and reverse radiation or re-radiation of energy to the cold or night sky.
Abstract: A solar energy collector in the shape of an inverted geometric cusp of the second kind which permits the collection of direct and diffuse solar radiation, and which attenuates losses by thermal convection, conduction, and reverse radiation or re-radiation of energy to the cold or night sky. The solar collector when utilized in a composite unit is compact, has an aesthetically pleasing low profile, and alleviates the need for elaborate sensing and tracking mechanisms.
Patent•
02 Apr 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, a solar energy system is provided whereby solar energy which has been collected, concentrated and collimated is transmitted through a unique transmitter device to a unique solar energy storage or utilization device.
Abstract: A solar energy system is provided whereby solar energy which has been collected, concentrated and collimated is transmitted through a unique transmitter device to a solar energy storage or utilization device. The transmitter comprises modular tubes with highly reflective and smooth walls. Each tube is provided with alignment means such as alignment sights. Bent tubes additionally have, e.g., mirrors positioned at the bent sections to aid in alignment, whereby the total number of reflections made by the beam is minimized and the transmission of the entire system is maximized. Sufficient solar energy is thereby provided to operate, inter alia, water heaters, space heaters, small power plants, stoves, etc. with minimal disruption of existing facilities.
TL;DR: Possible approaches to the development of photo-catalytic solar energy converters, and their perspectives, are discussed in this paper with special reference to the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy by the photo catalytic decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen.
Abstract: Possible approaches to the development of photo-catalytic solar energy converters, and their perspectives, are discussed with special reference to the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy by the photo-catalytic decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen. 408 references.
Patent•
15 Sep 1980
TL;DR: A self-aligning solar energy collector which maintains its attitude facing the sun during the sun's daily and seasonal changes is described in this paper, where tension cables hold the collector in position and are positioned so as to be out of equilibrium when off-axis solar radiation heat one cable more than another.
Abstract: A self-aligning solar energy collector which maintains its attitude facing the sun during the sun's daily and seasonal changes. Tension cables hold the collector in position, and are positioned so as to be out of equilibrium when off-axis solar radiation heat one cable more than another. Self-alignment is in both horizontal and vertical planes. Multiple collectors are also disclosed in a ganged or master-slave relationship.