Showing papers on "Plasma cell published in 1973"

Plasma cell granulomas of the lung.

Abstract: Plasma cell granuloma of the lung, a designation that we consider preferable to “inflammatory pseudotumor,” represents localized proliferations predominantly of mature plasma cells, with Russell bodies, reticuloendothelial cells, and intermediate forms, supported by a stroma of granulation tissue. Other cellular elements, including lymphocytes and large mononuclear cells, may coexist with the plasma cells. The latter may have a large content of cytoplasmic fat, hence the term “xanthoma” or “fibroxanthoma” applied by some. The stroma may contain interlacing or whorled masses of fibroblasts, and may be focally ossified or calcified. It is often hyalinized with an appearance similar to that of paramyloid. These lesions are usually asymptomatic, and are most commonly detected in routine chest films as circumscribed “coin” lesions, or large masses. They may be static or increase slowly in size. In a minority, they are sessile or polypoid intrabronchial masses. More than two thirds of the patients are less than 30 years of age; indeed plasma cell granulomas are prominent among the large solitary intrapulmonary lesions in children. Bacterial cultures and skin tests for mycobacteria and fungi have been negative. The prognosis is good even after lobectomy, and probably even after segmental resection. Plasma cell granulomas have structural features and a natural history quite distinct from those of sclerosing hemangioma and myeloma.

Differentiation Capacity of Cultured B Lymphocytes from Immunodeficient Patients

Abstract: Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 27 healthy individuals and from 18 patients with a diverse spectrum of defects in humoral immunity were examined for their capacity to undergo terminal differentiation in vitro. Pokeweed mitogen induced cells from normal persons to synthesize and secrete IgM. IgG, and IgA as detected by Immunofluorescence and incorporation of [(14)C]amino acids, Lymphocytes from three boys with X-linked agammaglobulinemia were stimulated to proliferate, but did not synthesize immunoglobulin. Lymphocyte cultures from three of four patients having agammaglobulinemia with B lymphocytes produced different immunoglobulin classes in ratios similar to the in vivo distribution of classes of B lymphocytes, Lymphocytes from a dysgammaglobulinemic boy deficient in serum IgG and IgA, but who had normal numbers of IgM-, IgG-, and IgA-bearing B lymphocytes, could not be stimulated by pokeweed mitogen to make IgG and IgA. Synthesis and secretion of IgA, as well as IgM and IgG, was detected in cell cultures from each of 10 patients with isolated IgA deficiency. The results suggest that deficiencies in immunoglobulin synthesis may reflect either (a) failure to develop B lymphocytes, (b) arrested development of B lymphocytes due to intrinsic metabolic abnormalities, or (c) disturbance of factors extrinsic to the B lymphocyte which are essential for normal induction of plasma cell maturation.

In vitro induction of tumor-specific immunity i. parameters of activation and cytotoxic reactivity of mouse lymphoid cells immunized in vitro against syngeneic and allogeneic plasma cell tumors

Abstract: Induction of tumor-specific immunity in vitro was accomplished by cocultivation of cortisone-resistant murine thymocytes or spleen cells with irradiated syngeneic plasma cell tumors (PCT). The cytotoxic activity generated could be detected in a short-term 51Cr-release assay. Optimal cytotoxic activity against PCT-associated transplantation antigens (TATA) was generated after 7 days in culture. Unlike cytotoxic responses to tumor allografts in which the cytotoxic activity was directed against allogeneic transplantation antigens, the cytotoxic activity obtained in the syngeneic tumor system was specific to the immunizing syngeneic PCT. Similar parameters of induction of cytotoxic responses in in vitro tumor allograft responses and in the syngeneic tumor system suggested that both reactions are cell-mediated cytotoxic immune responses. With regard to the magnitude of cytotoxic responses obtained, allogeneic transplantation antigens induced about a 30-fold higher cytotoxic immune response than plasma cell TATA. The results are consistent with the concept that in vitro tumor allograft responses and in vitro responses against TATA of PCT are similar in quality, but differ in the magnitude of the cytotoxic response provoked.

Response of the toad, Xenopus laevis, to circulating antigens. I. Cellular changes in the spleen

Abstract: The localization, cytology and proliferation of lymphoid cells in the spleen of Xenopus laevis were investigated in normal toads and in toads stimulated with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) or human gamma globulin (HGG). In toads given HGG in adjuvant, considerable increase in spleen weight was found both before and during serum antibody production; autoradiographic and histological examination showed that cell proliferation and formation of pyroninophilic cells had markedly increased in the splenic lymphoid tissue, particularly in the white pulp, but to a considerable extent also in the red pulp. Cell proliferation was also present, although less pronounced, after injections of HGG in saline. In toads given SRBC, most proliferation occurred in the white pulp, particularly towards the periphery of the follicles. Light and electron microscopy revealed that the lymphoid cells in the Xenopus spleen — in particular small lymphocytes and large pyroninophilic cells — are similar to those implicated in the mammalian immune response. However, cell clusters resembling mammalian germinal centres were absent. Furthermore, cells resembling the mammalian plasma cell were rare in both normal and immunized toads.

The production of vesicular stomatitis virus by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes and continuous lymphoblastoid lines.

Abstract: A variety of lymphoid cell populations were examined in terms of their ability to replicate vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a lytic, RNA-containing virus maturing at the cell surface. The number of cells capable of producing VSV was estimated in terms of infectious centers by the virus plaque assay (VPA), and morphologically by electron microscopy (EM). The lymphoid cells examined in this study included: (a) lymph node cells from delayed hypersensitive guinea pigs stimulated by specific antigen, (b) mouse spleen cells activated by selective bone marrow-derived (B) cell and thymus derived (T) cell mitogens, and (c) cells of human and murine continuous lymphoblastoid or lymphoma lines. In unstimulated cultures of guinea pig lymph node cells there is a background of approximately 1 in 1,000 cells which produces VSV; in purified protein derivative (PPD)-stimulated cultures the number of cells producing virus was 1.6% in the VPA and 1.9% by EM. These cells were large lymphocytes with some morphological features of transformed lymphocytes but were not typical blast cells. A few macrophages were associated with virus in both stimulated and control cultures. These observations indicate that (a) cells responsive to antigens, as detected by a marker virus, were lymphocytes; (b) cells other than lymphocytes (macrophages) were capable of replicating VSV even without antigenic stimulation; and (c) the correlation of results obtained by VPA and morphologic examination was usually quite good. Of the total number of mouse spleen cells stimulated with concanavalin (Con A), a T cell mitogen, 4.5 (EM)–5.7% (VPA) were associated with VSV. These were characteristic transformed lymphocytes, similar to phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human lymphocytes. In contrast Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mouse spleen cultures contained lower numbers of virus plaque-forming cells. The majority of such cells associated with virus displayed extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum. Two cultured murine lymphomas containing lymphocytes with the θ surface marker (L5178Y and EL-4) showed a 15–100-fold higher incidence of virus-producing cells than leukemias (L1210 and C57Bl/6) which did not carry this marker. Similarly, the L2C guinea pig leukemia, a known B cell leukemia, yielded a low percent of virus plaque-forming cells (<2%). However, MOPC-104, a plasma cell tumor presumed to be of B cell origin, was found to be an efficient virus producer. There was a wide variation in the efficiency of VSV replication among human lymphoblastoid lines. One line, Wil-2, produced 80% infectious centers after 24 h of exposure to VSV, and all cells were associated with virus at the EM level. The relationship between the virus-producing cells and different lymphocyte subpopulations as well as the efficiency of the two assays for studying virus-producing lymphocytes is discussed.

Acute plasma cell leukaemia following chronic lymphatic leukaemia: transformation or two separate diseases?

Abstract: Summary. A 68-yr-old woman, a carrier of a Gp- (Ch1) constitutional chromosome abnormality, presented with chronic lymphatic leukaemia and was treated with chlorambucil during an 8.5 yr course. The number of lymphocytes in the blood increased steadily during the final 3 yr, and immature lymphocytes were present. During the final 8 days, the WBC count rose extremely rapidly and IgM production was increased. Many blasts and smaller cells having the appearance of plasma cell precursors were present in the blood and bone marrow, and these showed a distinctive long marker chromosome. Acute plasma cell leukaemia was diagnosed. The relationship of the two leukaemias in this patient is examined, and transformation of chronic lymphatic leukaemia to an acute form of leukaemia with disturbed cell differentiation is suggested.

Inhibition of the Germinal Center Formation in

Abstract: Effect of long-lasting suppression of the thymic lympho-poiesis on the development of the splenic lymphoid components was investigated using male white leghorn chickens. The thymic lobes of young chickens were kept rudimentary and alymphocytic by an exposure to 650 r of whole body X-irradiation at one day of age and subsequent repeated exposures of the neck to 650 r X-rays. The bursae showed no morphological evidence of damage to the lymphopoietic activity. In the spleens, a near-complete loss of the small lymphocyte population and a marked suppression of the germinal center formation were observed, while the periellipsoidal lymphoid tissue and the plasma cell series, both being the bursa-dependent elements, were well developed. Lymphocytic repopulation in the thymus after the termination of the repeated X-irradiations was followed by the appearance: of small lymphocytes and the development of germinal centers in the spleen. These observations lead us to conclude that the germinal center formation in chickens is not merely a bursa-dependent process but may be influenced by certain thymus-dependent factor or factors.

Plasma-cell and tumor-associated membrane antigens of mouse plasmacytoma MOPC-315 and MOPC-460.

Abstract: Rabbit and syngeneic mouse antisera produced against solubilized membrane antigens from plasma-cell tumors MOPC-315 and MOPC-460 recognize neoplastic plasma-cell antigens that are not detectable in normal tissues. The rabbit antisera showed precipitating antibodies against two tumor-associated antigens expressed in both MOPC-315 and MOPC-460 cells and unrelated to plasma-cell-specific antigens or myeloma proteins. These were called embryo (EM) antigen and A-particle-associated (Aa) antigen. The EM-antigen seemed to be related to mitotic activity and was also expressed by a mouse adenocarcinoma and by mouse embryo cells. The Aa-antigen was detected by immuno-precipitation in all of nine different mouse tumors. Its purification by reverse immunoadsorption demonstrated that it consisted of two related components. Syngeneic mouse antisera showed precipitating antibodies against only part of the Aa-antigen determinants recognized by rabbit antisera. Lastly, one mouse antiserum precipitated with an antigen of unique specificity detectable on MOPC-315 only.

Cyclic kinetics and mathematical expression of the primary immune response of soluble antigen. IV. Response of the organism to the injection of two substances with plasma cell activity.

Abstract: The kinetics and the distribution of antigen and antibody were shown to be similar in four species of experimental animals and in two species of wild rodents immunized with the protein-polysaccharide capsular plague antigen. Serologically active antigen and antibody were detected in homologous conjugating serological tests. Soluble antigen persists at the injection site for as long as a week and adsorbed antigen for two weeks or more. Antigen persists in the blood of animals for 2–4 days. In regional popliteal lymph nodes, antigen was detected for the first days, followed by antibody in both lymph node and blood. Plasma cell response was more intensive in animals inoculated with adsorbed antigen. The gradual decrease of antigen at the injection site shows superimposed up-and-down changes, mostly parallel with the antibody in the popliteal lymph node and blood, as well as with plasma cell response in the regional lymph node. Serological cycles were related to the resistance of immunized white mice to plague infection. Cyclic kinetics of specific polysaccharide in the faeces of dysentery patients was found.

Immunzytologische Untersuchungen über das Verteilungsmuster von Ig-Determinanten bei Myelompatienten

Abstract: In 3 patients with myeloma and paraprotein containing cells in the peripheral blood, we demonstrated by an immunofluorescent technique an increase in the number of lymphocytes and plasma cells with immunoglobulin determinants of paraprotein class specificity. Lymphocytes found with mebranous and intracytoplasmic paraprotein content were considered as intermediate forms in plasma cell development. Some possible disturbances of cell proliferation known in lymphoproliferative diseases are discussed.

Introduction: Cellular Aspects of Immune Deficiency Diseases Involving B Cells

Abstract: The discovery in 1952 of agammaglobulinemia in a boy having repeated bacterial infections was shortly followed by the demonstration that a scarcity of plasma cells and of lymphocytes in primary follicles and germinal centers was the cellular basis for the antibody deficiency (1). The succeeding two decades have witnessed the unfolding of a challenging array of immunodeficiencies in man and other species. Some of these have been reproduced experimentally and the interplay between natural and contrived models of immunodeficiency has contributed to an increased understanding of the cellular basis for development and function of the immune system. A prime example of the benefits accrued from the interplay is the knowledge that the immune system develops from hemopoietic stem cells directed along thymus (T) and bursal (B) avenues of lymphoid differentiation (2). Thus, immunodeficiencies can be broadly classified as errors of differentiation involving T cells, B cells, or stem cells (3). Beyond their theoretical importance, these concepts have led to successful repair of immunodeficiency diseases in a few individuals by bone marrow or thymus transplants, examples of which will be presented in this session.

The calculation of plasma cell reaction and influence of antigen dose.

Abstract: The injection of sheep red cells and capsular antigen of Pasteurella pestis leads to increase in the absolute and relative number of plasma cells in the draining lymph node and spleen. An equation is proposed which is compatible with the linear relationship which is observed between the logarithm of the antigen dose and the square root of the number of plasma cells. An index of homogeneity is derived from this equation which is related to the number of different antigenic determinants and different antigenic molecules in the immunogen. This index varied in the predicted way when mice were immunized with relatively pure and crude preparations of capsular antigen.

Stimulation of transplantation immunity and the plasma-cell reaction in mice by interferon

Abstract: Adminis t ra t ion of in te r fe ron to a l lograf ted mice speeds up re jec t ion of p r i m a r y and secondary a l lograf ts and s t rengthens the cytotoxic action of the Iymphocytes of these mice on t a rge t cel ls . In t rasplenic injection of p e r t u s s i s antigen into mice together with in te r fe ron induces an intens if icat ion of the p l a s m a c e l l r e s ponse in the spleens of these animals .

Characterization of antiserum against myeloma cells.

Abstract: An antiserum was raised in goats against human malignant plasma cells isolated from a patient with λ-chain myeloma in 1967 and maintained in tissue culture by the Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI 8226) The RPMI cells were harvested, washed, and used without disruption in combination with complete adjuvant for immunization By electroimmunodiffusion and gel diffusion, the goat anti-myeloma cell serum (AMC) disclosed one and sometimes two immunoprecipitin bands against sonically disrupted RPMI cells The AMC did not react by electroimmunodiffusion or gel diffusion with human plasma proteins It also failed to react in gel diffusion and electroimmunodiffusion studies against serum from seven plasma cell cancers (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, and κ and λ chains), serum from three patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia, and four serums showing polyclonal gammopathy No reaction was found against sonically disrupted preparations from leukocytes removed from normal buffy coat The AMC in immunofluorescent studies gave strong membrane reaction with RPMI cells but not with lymphocytes, segmented neutrophils, or intracellular components Immunofluorescence studies with frozen sections of human liver, spleen, and kidney failed to give a reaction, and no reaction was discernible against three normal bone marrow preparations, seven from patients with myeloma (three IgG κ, two IgG λ, two IgA λ), and four from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia There was, however, a strong immunofluorescence at the surface of lymphoid plasma cells in bone marrow preparations from three patients with macroglobulinemia of Waldenstrom (two IgM κ and one IgM λ) It is unknown at this time whether the AMC depicts a tumor-specific antigen on lymphoid-plasma cells of macroglobulinemia or an antigen in the plasma cell system which is unique to lymphoid-plasma cells The antiserum does not appear to react with the markers of B lymphocytes

Synthesis, Transport and Secretion of Immunoglobulins in Lymphoid Cells

Abstract: Thymus-derived (T-) and bone marrow-derived (B-) cells cooperate in the response to an antigen. Both cells recognize antigen as carrier and hapten. Both cells contain receptor molecules in their outer membrane which recognize antigen. These receptor molecules are immunoglobulins (Ig) (reviewed in Progress in Immunology, 1971). Antigen attaches to these receptors and thus stimulates T- and B-lymphocytes to proliferate into clones of cells. Clones of B-cells produce immunoglobulin identical in polypeptide structure to that of the original receptor immunoglobulin. One B-cell makes only one structure of immunoglobulin in many copies. During proliferation and differentiation a clone may switch from the production of IgM to the production of IgG with the same specificity for antigen (Pernis et al., 1971). B-cells, but not T-cells, differentiate into plasma cells, the prime antibody-producing cells. During this differentiation B-lymphocytes progressively lose surface immunoglobulin and turn to synthesize and secrete increased amounts of immunoglobulin. The regulatory status of immunoglobulin synthesis, transport and secretion in B-cells changes from that in small lymphocytes where immunoglobulin is synthesized, transported to and then held in the outer membrane, to that in plasma cells, where immunoglobulin is synthesized, transported and secreted.