Showing papers on "Plasma cell published in 1980"

Evidence for a common mucosal immunologic system. II. Influence of the estrous cycle on B immunoblast migration into genital and intestinal tissues.

Abstract: The influence of the estrous cycle on the localization of plasma cell precursors in the genital mucosa was studied in CBA/J female mice by using an adoptive transfer system. Within 24 hr after transfer, [3H]-thymidine-labeled donor mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells were observed in maximum number in proestral and estral cervices and vaginae (14.4 and 9.7 labeled cells/100 mm2 of tissue, respectively), and approximately 60% of these cells contained IgA and 25% IgG. During metaestrus and diestrus, however, few labeled MLN cells (4.0/100 mm2 of tissue) localized in the genital tract and this reduction affected the IgA-containing plasmacyte population in particular. In contrast, no change was noted in the frequency of labeled cells containing IgA in the small intestine over the course of the estrous cycle, although small but significant changes were noted in the frequency of labeled cells producing IgG. These results indicate that the hormonal changes during the estrous cycle may affect the localization of IgA plasma cell precursors in the genital tract and thus may alter the local mucosal immune response in this site.

Intracranial plasma cell granuloma.

Abstract: The first case of an intracranial plasma cell granuloma is presented. An associated polyclonal gammopathy was another remarkable feature. Routine and special stains of histologic sections as well as electron microscopy characterized such lesions. Immunofluorescent studies revealed a heterogeneous population of plasma cells. When the granuloma was removed, the polyclonal gammopathy resolved, and neither have recurred with eight months of follow-up. It is suggested that prior reports of meningiomas with conspicuous plasma cell-lymphocytic components may in reality be plasma cell granulomas and could be differentiated by electron microscopy.

Meningioma with conspicuous plasma cell components. A histopathological and immunohistochemical study.

Abstract: A peculiar type of meningioma with conspicious plasma-cell components is described. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the polyclonal nature of the plasma cell population. Consequently, the plasma cells could not be regarded as a neoplastic component.

Pathogenesis and host response in subcutaneous alveolar hydatidosis. 1. Histogenesis of alveolar cyst and a qualitative analysis of the inflammatory infiltrates.

Abstract: C57L/J male mice were infected subcutaneously in their left flank with 10 cysts ofEchinococcus multilocularis. The dimensions and histologic features of the larval cyst mass (LCM) were determined at three days, at weekly intervals for 12 weeks, and at 22 weeks postinfection. The LCM doubled its size between 3 and 12 weeks, and at 22 weeks it was five times larger than at three weeks. During the proliferative phase, the LCM was infiltrated massively by neutrophils, macrophages, and progenitors of the plasma cell series. The first two cell types were found firmly bound to the laminated layer of both intact and degenerating cysts, whereas plasma cells colonized the fibrohistiocytic corona and the interlacunar stroma harboring individual cysts. By 22 weeks, the proliferation of the cysts had ceased and histologically the LCM consisted of fibrous and fibrohistiocytic stroma, thick-walled fertile and sterile brood capsules, and predominantly plasmacytic and histiocytic infiltrates. In addition to exogenous budding evidence has been presented also suggesting the role of free germinal cells in the histogenesis of LCM. Regulation of cyst proliferation in susceptible hosts is discussed with reference to antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity with nonlymphoid inflammatory cells.

Plasma cell leukaemia. Diagnostic problems in our experience with 11 cases.

Abstract: 11 patients with plasma cell leukaemia (PCL) are reported. Diagnostic clinical, haematological, immunological, biochemical and electron microscopical (TEM) data were analysed and compared to the largest series of PCL cases reported in the literature. Special attention was paid to four facets of this disease: (a) the clinical picture at admission; (b) the frequency of PCL; (c) the production of M components in relation to the maturity and type of the asynchronous plasma cells, and (d) the diagnostic problems of this entity of acute leukaemia of the afferent limb of the B lymphocyte transformation. In this series PCL emerges as a distinct clinical entity: patients are severely anaemic, hepatosplenomegaly is prominent, bone lessions are uncommun, but if present are usually non-osteolytic, and the response to treatment with an alkylating agent and glucocorticoid is poor. The diagnosis is difficult since the circulating plasma cells may have morphological features which only allows the diagnosis to be made after the TEM examination. If the peripheral blood of cases of acute leukaemias and immunocytic dyscrasias is routinely examined by TEM, PCL appears to be a not uncommon variant of plasma cell dyscrasia--in the present study it was 11%.

Cellular determinants of mammary cell-mediated immunity in the rat. I. The migration of radioisotopically labeled T lymphocytes.

Abstract: Current theories about the cellular basis of mammary gland immunity are based primarily on the migratory behavior of B lymphocytes bearing intracytoplasmic IgA These B cells presumably constitute an intestinal pool that circulates independently of the peripheral B cell pool and provides a source of plasma cell precursors for secretory tissues The hypothesis of a common, yet independent, mucosal immune system has not been applied to mammary gland cell-mediated immunity (CMI) The present study was undertaken, therefore, to compare the migration of T lymphoblasts from gut-associated mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) with that of their counterparts recovered from cervical lymph nodes (CLN) When labeled with 3H-thymidine and adoptively transferred to lactating recipients, MLN and CLN T lymphoblasts demonstrated equal affinities for the mammary glands This result suggests that the mammary gland can draw from both circulating pools of T cells (intestinal and peripheral) T cell migration to the mammary gland was found to increase 7- to 10-fold with the onset of lactation and remained high during the first 2 wk postpartum Activation of MLN and CLN T cells by preculture with Con A greatly increased the proportion of large cells but not alter cell accumulation in mammary tissues These results, discussed in the context of recent observations regarding T cell locomotion and circulating lymphocyte subsets, suggest that CMI in the mammary gland may not depend solely on oral immunization for its immunologic specificity

Plasma Cell Granuloma of the Lung: Endobronchial Presentation and Absence of Response to Radiation Therapy

Abstract: Plasma cell granuloma of the lung is an uncommon, slow-growing, benign “pseudotumor” morphologically and clinically distinct from malignant plasma cell tumor (plasmacytoma). Its histopathology is distinct from sclerosing hemangioma and pseudolymphoma. Most are located in lung parenchyma, but a few p

Mitogen-induced plasma cell differentiation in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Abstract: Cellular interactions involved in mitogen-stimulated plasma cell differentiation were investigated in eight patients with severe but stable multiple sclerosis (MS). No significant differences were detected between normals and MS patients with regard to percent of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Autologous and allogeneic combinations of normal and MS B and T cells were stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and plasma cell differentiation was monitored after 7 days in culture. T lymphocytes from patients with MS induced 2- to 4-fold increases in plasma cell development when combined with normal B cell fractions. Allogeneic combinations on normal B and T cells did not provide enhanced plasma cell generation. B lymphocytes from MS patients exhibited poor responses to both PWM and LPS when cultured with their own or normal T cells. Such B cell fractions did not differ from normals with regard to percent monocytes or surface Ig+ B lymphocytes initially contained in these cell populations. We conclude that T cells from MS patients are able to provide excessive help for normal B cell differentiation due either to increased T helper activity or deficient T suppressor activity. B cell differentiation may be diminished in MS patients as a result of a deficiency of a population of B cells in blood that are able to be stimulated by polyclonal B cell activators.

In Vitro Expression of Immunoglobulin M and G Subclasses by Murine B Lymphocytes in Response to a Polyclonal Activator from Actinomyces

Abstract: A cell wall extract from the gram-positive bacterium Actinomyces viscosus contains the mitogen AVIS, a potent polyclonal B-cell activator for murine B lymphocytes. Cultures of splenocytes from heterozygous nude mice in the presence of an optimal concentration of AVIS responded by a deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis response, and proliferaction reached maximal levels after 3 to 4 days. There was no requirement for T cells in the deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, proliferactive, immunoglobulin M (IgM), or IgG responses. Significant numbers of IgM-producing cells were present as early as day 2 of culture, whereas later in the culture periods (days 3 to 6) IgG-producing plasmablasts and plasma cell were observed. In cultures of splenocytes from nude mice stimulated with AVIS for 4 to 5 days, 20 to 25% of the recoverable cells synthesized IgM, and 10% contained only IgG2 or IgG3; 5 to 8% of the cells stained for both IgM and IgG2 or both IgM and IgG3. Fine-structure analysis of AVIS-stimulated splenocytes from heterozygous nude mice after 3 days of culture demonstrated that 20 to 25% of the cells were activated to various degrees. Of most importance, all of the activated cells had the characteristic of B lymphoblasts, plasmablasts, or plasma cells. This is the first demonstration of a polyclonal B-cell activator other than lipopolysaccharide which induces IgG3 synthesis. We suggest that AVIS may be a useful probe for the exploration of the functional activities of subpopulations of B cells.

In vitro inhibitory effect of interferon on colony formation of myeloma stem cells

Abstract: The inhibitory effect of interferon on colony formation of myeloma stem cells in two layer plasma clot-soft agar cultures was studied. Human lymphoblast interferon inhibited in therapeutically attainable concentrations myeloma stem cell proliferation in 50% and human fibroblast interferon in 23% of the 14 myeloma patients in whom in vitro colony formation could be achieved. In interferon-sensitive patients the numbers of myeloma stem cell clusters and colonies were decreased to 34.4%–54.9% of control cultures. In addition, maturation of myeloma stem cells in differentiated plasma cells was reduced by interferon in most of these cases.

Isolation and characterization of the inflammatory infiltrate in the central nervous system of the guinea‐pig with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Abstract: The inflammatory infiltrate of the central nervous system in acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the guinea-pig has been isolated and characterized. Inflammatory cells found over the surface of the brain and spinal cord and within the leptomeninges have been isolated by washing, and were subsequently identified by a number of methods. By light microscopy approximately 60% were lymphocytes, 30% were cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series, and 5% were neutrophils: the occasional plasma cell and eosinophil were also identified. E, EA and EAC rosetting tests were used to determine the proportions of T lymphocytes (both early and late), and cells with Fc and C3 receptors respectively. Particular attention was paid to cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series bearing Fc and C3 receptors to determine whether any change or loss of these receptors was apparent. The percentage of phagocytic cells from the brain and spinal cord washes was also determined. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy showed that a large proportion of the inflammatory infiltrate consisted of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series. This study therefore confirms that the cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series play a predominant role in EAE.

Development of a bioassay for human myeloma colony-forming cells.

Abstract: This chapter outlines our development of an in vitro soft agar assay for detection of human myeloma colony-forming cells. Growth was induced with either 0.02 ml of human type O erythrocytes or 0.25 ml of medium conditioned by the adherent spleen cells of mineral-oil-primed BALB/c mice. A maximum plating efficiency of 0.1% was obtained. The number of myeloma colonies was proportional to the number of cells plated between concentrations of 105--106/ml. Morphological, histochemical, and functional criteria showed the colonies to consist of immature plasmablasts and mature plasma cells. 60%--80% of cells picked from colonies contained intracytoplasmic monoclonal immunoglobulin. Tritiated thymidine suicide studies provided evidence that for most myeloma patients, a very high proportion of myeloma colony-forming cells were actively in transit through the cell cycle. Using biophysical and immunologic studies, we were able to further characterize myeloma stem cells and obtain partial enrichment of the colony-forming cells. Increased numbers of myeloma colonies were seen when the marrow was depleted of CSF, elaborating adherent cells before plating. Antibody to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, which did inhibit granulocyte colony formation, did not reduce the number or size of the myeloma colonies. This bioassay has subsequently served as the basis for studies of in vitro biological behavior of multiple myeloma, and for measurement of drug sensitivity. The general methodology which we first developed for myeloma appears to have general applicability not only to monoclonal plasma cell disorders, but also to many other tumor types as well. Detailed biological studies and analysis of culture conditions (similar to those we have carried out in myeloma) will no doubt prove important in understanding the biology and drug sensitivity of various forms of human cancer.

Characterization of the monoclonal blood and bone marrow B lymphocytes in Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia.

Abstract: Blood lymphocytes were studied in sixteen patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia. In four of them bone marrow lymphocytes were studied simultaneously. In all four a monoclonal lymphocyte plasma cell fraction carrying the light chain isotype of the serum M-component was identified by direct immunofluorescence. The cell-bound immunoglobulins had idiotypic structures in common with the serum M-component. The monoclonal cell component was pleomorphic, varying from small lymphocytes carrying surface IgM/IgD or IgM only to plasma-cytoid cells with both surface and cytoplasmic IgM to mature plasma cells with only cytoplasmic IgM. A differentiating B-cell clone was further suggested by the sequential loss of complement and Fc receptors during maturation to plasma cells. In nine patients monoclonal lymphocytes were increased also in blood. However, the monoclonal fraction was small in all except two patients with advanced disease. The results support the assumption that a clone of B lymphocytes differentiates into immunoglobulin-secreting cells in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia. The pattern of cell differentiation in bone marrow was the same in patients with and without a monoclonal blood cell fraction. Progression of the disease is probably the main factor determining the appearance of large numbers of tumour cells in blood.

Effect of vincristine on bone marrow cells of patients with multiple myeloma. A cytokinetic study

Abstract: The cytokinetic changes induced by Vincristine (VCR) on bone marrow erythroblasts, myeloid cells and neoplastic plasma cells have been studied in four patients with plasma cell malignancies using combined DNA cytofluorometry and in vitro tritiated thymidine cytoautoradiography. The changes observed 9 h after the administration of the drug were in accordance with its S-phase specificity. The magnitude of the stathmokinetic effect was in fact roughly proportional to the proliferative activity of the different cell lines, i.e., marked on the erythroblasts, less evident on the myeloid cells and still lower on the plasma cells. In this last cell population VCR has also blocked or partially impaired the DNA synthesis. Nine days after VCR, the plasma cells were recruited into the proliferative cycle while the regeneration of the hemopoietic cells was already exhausted. Repeated administrations of VCR spaced at about 9 day intervals are more and more effective on the plasma cell population, since the S phase specificity of the drug against the recruited plasma cells is potentiated. On the contrary, the regeneration of the hemopoietic cells is protected by this time interval.

The Extent of Clonal Involvement in Multiple Myeloma

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the extent of involvement of myeloma B-cell clones, particularly from the perspective of whether pre-B cells, the immediate precursors of slg+ B lymphocytes, might be affected. It presents the observations from two IgA myeloma patients, IgAκ(001) and IgAλ(003), and from one IgD myeloma patient, IgDλ (010). The fluorochrome conjugated antibodies to idiotypic determinants of myeloma proteins were used as probes to trace the extent of involvement of the affected B cell clones in three myeloma patients. In each patient, circulating B lymphocytes of all heavy chain isotypes were found that expressed the individual myeloma specific idiotype. This indicates that the oncogenic process began before the initiation of the heavy chain switch within the clone. Cells of pre-B phenotype expressing the myeloma specific idiotype within the cytoplasm were also numerically expended, suggesting that the involvement began in a clonal precursor cell. As these cells lack surface immunoglobulin receptors, the results infer that antigens do not play a role in the initial oncogenic event. In terms of absolute numbers, expansion of the affected clone in each patient was observed to be least at the pre-B cell stage and greatest at the plasma cell level. It is speculated that appropriate antigens and autologous anti-idiotype antibodies or T cells could be significant driving forces for secondary expansion and terminal differentiation of the affected B cells. Evidence favoring this possibility comes from the studies of mice bearing transplantable myeloma tumors. Consistent also with this notion, it was observed that the myeloma patient expanded numbers of circulating B lymphocytes bearing myeloma related idiotypes, although no evidence of plasma cell differentiation of these presumably normal clones was found.

Resistance of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated B cells to inhibition by deoxyadenosine.

Abstract: Deoxyadenosine (dAdo) levels above 2 microM inhibit plasma cell (PC) differentiation by human blood lymphocytes in pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulated cultures containing deoxycoformycin (dCF), a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (ADA). ADA inhibition by dCF alone did not suppress PC differentiation. Thymidine uptake by T cell blasts continuously cultured in conditioned medium was inhibited by dAdo and dCF; two of five EBV-infected B cell lines were also inhibited while three were resistant. Inhibition of PWM-induced PC differentiation of B cells by dCF and dAdo was reversed when conditioned medium (a source of T cell helper factors) was added to the cultures, and dAdo and dCF added to PWM-stimulated cultures 48 hr after their initiation did not inhibit PC differentiation, though thymidine uptake and the total number of cells recovered from the cultures were reduced. Removal of T cells after 48 hr of culture slightly reduced the numbers of PC in PWM-stimulated lymphocyte cultures but no further inhibition was obtained when dCF and dAdo were added to these T-depleted cultures, nor was their thymidine uptake further reduced. These results suggest that the in vitro suppression of B cell differentiation by dAdo in PWM-stimulated cultures is not due to direct toxicity of purine nucleosides to B cells but may be due to interference with T cell help. This is consistent with the view that a relative lack of helper activity by T cells contributes to the antibody deficiency of patients with ADA deficiency.

Mitogenic activity of Actinomyces viscosus. II. Induction of DNA and immunoglobulin synthesis in rabbit B lymphocytes.

Abstract: A cell wall extract from Actinomyces viscosus (AVIS) induces blastogenesis in a large proportion of lymphocytes from non-immunized rabbits The response appears to be a polyclonal B cell response, since purified T cells are unresponsive, whereas B cell-enriched cultures exhibit 3-fold higher DNA synthesis than conventional splenocyte cultures Furthermore, AVIS triggers immunoglobulin synthesis and plasma cell formation in vitro The rabbit response is similar to that of the mouse, and we suggest that non-specific polyclonal B cell responsiveness to Actinomyces bacteria may be an important host defense mechanism common to these, and probably other, mammalian species

Separation of normal mature bone marrow plasma cells.

Abstract: Summary A three-phase purification process for the separation of normal bone marrow plasma cells is described. Material was obtained from haematologically normal humans and baboons. Known monoclonal and polyclonal B cell activators were avoided both in vivo and in vitro. In Phase I, bone marrow fragments were separated from cell suspensions by buoyant density methods. Marrow fragments were shown to be richer in plasma cells than the corresponding marrow cell suspensions. Phase II consisted of culturing fragments by a simple suspension method in which a selective affinity of plasma cells and marrow stromal cells resulted in further concentration of plasma cells with discharge of haemopoietic elements. Maximum concentration of plasma cells occurred within 7 d. In phase III, fragments were disaggregated with trypsin, and the marrow stromal cells were removed by their adherence properties. The resulting non-adherent fraction comprised approximately 85% plasma cells. The process allows for direct quantitative evaluation of normal plasma cell physiology in vitro.

Polymerised autologous tumor tissue particles in experimental cancer immunotherapy with special reference to the effects on the immune system of the host.

Abstract: The efficacy of the specific active cancer immunotherapy utilizing autologous tumor tissue particles polymerised with ethylchlorformiate, and used in combination with the PPD tuberculin adjuvant, was studied in the mastocytoma (P-815 X2)-DBA/2 mouse system. Special attention was focused on the effects of the therapy on the immune system of the host as evaluated on the basis of the spleen white pulp morphology. The signs of tumor rejection by the host (tumor-surrounding fibrous scar, lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltrations, and disappearance of the tumor tissue) were most marked in mice receiving the specific immunotherapy. The specific cancer immunotherapy instituted was capable of reverting to a considerable degree the profound depletion of the T- and B-lymphocyte populations found in the spleen white pulp of mice not receiving any therapy for their tumor. Conclusion was drawn that the favorable influence on the tumor rejection exerted by the specific immunotherapy tested, most probably is attributable to its stimulatory effects on the cells responsible for both the cell-mediated and humoral immune reactions, the appropriate co-operation of both of which is needed to ensure the most effective host response against the tumor cells.

Tumor Immunity to Murine Plasma Cell Tumors. V. Genetic Control of the In Vitro Cytotoxic T-Cell Response to Plasma Cell Tumor-Associated Antigens of NZB Mice

Abstract: Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (Tc) were induced in vitro to plasmacytoma tumor-associated antigens (TAA) by coculture of irradiated cells of plasma cell tumors (PCT) from NZB mice and viable nonimmune or PCT-immune spleen cells from NZB. (NZB X C57BL)F1, (NZB X B10.D2)F1, and (NZB X B10,BR)F1 mice. When nonimmune spleen cells were used, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-linked genetic control of te primary in vitro induction of Tc to NZB PCT was demostrated for a shared TAA expressed on NZB and BALB/c PCT. Evidence was also obtained for a non-MHC-linked genetic control of the primary in vitro induction of Tc to a second TAA that ws expressed on both PCT and T-lymphomas. When the spleen cells were obtained from mice preimmunized to an NZB PCT, a secondary in vitro Tc response was observed, and a PCT-specific and strain-specific TAA or NZB mice was identified. In addition, results with the F1 hybrids also indicated an MHC-linked genetic control of the in vitro Tc response to this strain-specific TAA.

Evidence for a steroid receptor in rheumatoid synovial tissue cells.

Abstract: One mechanism by which glucocorticoids could exert their anti-inflammatory action is via rapidly saturable, stereo-specific cytoplasmic protein receptors. This report is of an investigation into such a possibility in synovial cells. Synovium, obtained from knee joints of rheumatoid patients undergoing surgery, was incubated with clostridiopeptidase A and trypsin-EDTA to obtain cell suspensions. These, together with cells obtained from synovial fluid aspirated from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, were identified by electron microscopy. Duplicate samples of these cell suspensions were incubated with increasing concentrations of H3Dexamethasone (1 x 10(-10)M-1 x 10(-9)M) for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C. Analysis of the proportion of steroid bound to whole cells showed evidence for specific, rapidly saturable, receptors in the cells obtained from synovial tissue, but this was not found in synovial fluid cells. Electron micrographs showed that cells obtained from synovial tissue consisted of synovial fibroblast - and macrophage-types, lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes appeared to be absent. However, in synovial fluid cell type polymorphonuclear leucocytes were the predominant cell type. We concluded from this, that one or more of the cell types present in synovial tissue contain a specific steroid receptor, but that this is lacking in synovial fluid polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

Effect of vincristine on the bone marrow cells of patients with multiple myeloma: a cytomorphologic study.

Abstract: The cytologic changes induced by vincristine (VCR) on the erythroblasts, the myeloid cells and the neoplastic plasma cells were studied on the bone marrow of 5 patients with plasma cell malignancies. Nine hours after the administration of the drug, the cytocidal effect on the 3 cell types was proportional to the magnitude of the stathmokinetic effect induced in them: marked on the erythroblasts (whose percentage incidence was sharply reduced), more modest on the myeloid cells, and still lower on the plasma cells. Nine days later the plasmocytomatous infiltrate was reduced as compared to before therapy, while the aliquot of hemopoietic cells was restored. At this time the mitotic index of plasma cells, but not that of the hemopoietic cells, was higher than before VCR administration. These findings suggest that the tumor mass reduction by VCR is followed by plasma cell recruitment, which is in progress 9 days after the drug administration. On the contrary, the regeneration of the hemopoietic cells has repopulated the bone marrow and is already exhausted in this lag time. It is hypothesized that VCR administrations given at about 9 day intervals are more and more effective on the recruited plasma cells, owing to the phase S-specificity of the drug. The regeneration of the hemopoietic cells is protected by this time interval.

Transplantation of Primary Plasma Cell Tumor without 2,6,10,14-Tetramethylpentadecane (Pristane) Treatment of the Hosts

Abstract: Small inocula of primary plasma tumor cells which do not transplant i.p. unless recipients are conditioned with pristane do so readily when recipients are given i.p. injections of a peritoneal exudate induced by pristane inoculation, but free of pristane.