Showing papers on "Poison control published in 1977"
TL;DR: In this paper, a broader approach to research in human development is proposed that focuses on the pro- gressive accommodation, throughout the life span, between the growing human organism and the changing environments in which it actually lives and grows.
Abstract: A broader approach to research in hu- j man development is proposed that focuses on the pro- \ gressive accommodation, throughout the life span, between the growing human organism and the changing environments in which it actually lives and grows. \ The latter include not only the immediate settings containing the developing person but also the larger social contexts, both formal and informal, in which these settings are embedded. In terms of method, the approach emphasizes the use of rigorousj^d^igned exp_erjments, both naturalistic and contrived, beginning in the early stages of the research process. The chang- ing relation between person and environment is con- ceived in systems terms. These systems properties are set forth in a series of propositions, each illus- trated by concrete research examples.
7,980 citations
TL;DR: The evidence for differing rates of depression between the sexes in the United States and elsewhere during the last 40 years is reviewed, and the various explanations offered are critically analyzed.
Abstract: • This article reviews the evidence for differing rates of depression between the sexes in the United States and elsewhere during the last 40 years, and then critically analyzes the various explanations offered. These explanations include the possibility that the trends are spurious because of artifacts produced by methods of reporting symptoms, or that they are real because of biological susceptibility (possibly genetic or female endocrine), psychosocial factors such as social discrimination, or female-learned helplessness.
1,811 citations
TL;DR: It was found that impulsiveness in the broad sense (ImpB) breaks down into four factors (narrow impusliveness or ImpN, risk-taking, non-planning and liveliness) which are replicable from sample to sample and from males to females.
Abstract: Three questionnaire studies are reported in which sets of items traditionally used to measure impulsiveness were intercorrelated were correlated with measures of the major personality dimensions E (extraversion), N (neuroticism) and P (psychoticism), and also with the L (lie; dissimulation) scale. It It was found that impulsiveness in the broad sense (ImpB) breaks down into four factors (narrow impusliveness or ImpN, risk-taking, non-planning and liveliness) which are replicable from sample to sample and from males to females. These factors are positively correlated with each other and also with sociability to varying degrees. ImpB correlates quite well with extraversion, but even better with psychoticism; ImpN correlates positively with N and P, suggesting that this trait is somewhat pathological. It is suggested that the distinction between ImpB and ImpN is crucial for the discussion of the nature and measurement of extraversion and also for future experimental work on the causal background and experimental testing of impulsive behaviour patterns.
864 citations
TL;DR: Maccoby and Jacklin's (1974) review of research on the psychology of sex differences encompassed 1,600 works published before 1973, and the fact that many other studies that are not focused specifically on sex differences may contain data on the question can be imagined as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Maccoby and Jacklin's (1974) review of research on the psychology of sex differences encompassed 1,600 works published before 1973. Considering the literature on that topic since 1973, and the fact that many other studies that are not focused specifically on sex differences may contain data on the question, a population of over 5,000 studies on sex differences can be imagined. There are dozens of educational problems on which the research literature is comprised of several hundred articles: ability grouping, reading instruction, programmed learning, instructional television, integration, and so on. Educational research and evaluation is a large and widely scattered enterprise. On problems of importance, it produces literally hundreds of studies in less than five years. The research techniques used, the measurements taken, the types of person studied—all may vary from one st;udy to the next, even though the topic is the same. The research enterprise in education and the social sciences is a rough-hewn, variegated undertaking of huge proportions. Determining what knowledge this enterprise has produced on some question is itself a genuinely important scholarly endeavor. The evolution of style of research integration has been shaped by the size of the research literature. In the 1940s and 1950s, a reviewer contributing to the Review of Educational Research or Psychological Bulletin might find one or two dozen studies on a topic. A narrative, rhetorical integration of so few studies was probably satisfactory. By the late 1960s, the research
843 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that vigorous surgical and medical therapy, by preventing or reversing secondary cerebral insults, enables some patients who would have died to make a good recovery without increasing the proportion of severely disabled patients.
Abstract: ✓ In the belief that secondary cerebral compression, hypoxia, and ischemia materially influence the outcome from severe head injury, a standardized protocol was followed in 160 patients, with emphasis on early diagnosis and evacuation of intracranial mass lesions by craniotomy, artificial ventilation, control of increased intracranial pressure, and aggressive medical therapy. Of these patients, 36% made a good recovery, 24% were moderately disabled, 8% were severely disabled, 2% were vegetative, and 30% died. The mortality rate compares favorably with outcomes in similar patients reported from other centers and there has been no increase in the numbers of severely disabled or vegetative patients. It is proposed that vigorous surgical and medical therapy, by preventing or reversing secondary cerebral insults, enables some patients who would have died to make a good recovery without increasing the proportion of severely disabled patients.
835 citations
TL;DR: The mechanical power spent to accelerate the limbs relative to the trunk in level walking and running, Ẇint, has been measured at various ‘constant’ speeds with the cinematographic procedure used by Fenn (1930a) at high speeds of running.
Abstract: 1. The mechanical power spent to accelerate the limbs relative to the trunk in level walking and running, W(int), has been measured at various ;constant' speeds (3-33 km/hr) with the cinematographic procedure used by Fenn (1930a) at high speeds of running.2. W(int) increases approximately as the square of the speed of walking and running. For a given speed W(int) is greater in walking than in running.3. In walking above 3 km/hr, W(int) is greater than the power spent to accelerate and lift the centre of mass of the body at each step, W(ext) (measured by Cavagna, Thys & Zamboni, 1976b). In running W(int) W(ext).4. The total work done by the muscles was calculated as W(tot) = W(int) + W(ext). Except that at the highest speeds of walking, the total work done per unit distance W(tot)/km is greater in running than in walking.5. The efficiency of positive work was measured from the ratio W(tot)/Net energy expenditure: this is greater than 0.25 indicating that both in walking and in running the muscles utilize, during shortening, some energy stored during a previous phase of negative work (stretching).6. In walking the efficiency reaches a maximum (0.35-0.40) at intermediate speeds, as may be expected from the properties of the contractile component of muscle. In running the efficiency increases steadily with speed (from 0.45 to 0.70-0.80) suggesting that positive work derives mainly from the passive recoil of muscle elastic elements and to a lesser extent from the active shortening of the contractile machinery. These findings are consistent with the different mechanics of the two exercises.
771 citations
TL;DR: In spite of these rather heroic measures, ankle injuries continue to constitute a significant threat to athletes in these and most other activities.
Abstract: Few injuries in sports are more ubiquitous than those involving the ankle. Athletes in some endeavors, notably football and basketball, routinely have their ankles prophylacticly taped at a cost of hundreds of thousands of dollars and, probably, millions of man hours. Other sports, such as skiing, involve encasement of the foot, ankle, and lower leg in plastic and foam to the extent of almost complete exclusion of motion. In spite of these rather heroic measures, ankle injuries continue to constitute a significant threat to athletes in these and most other activities.
718 citations
TL;DR: The authors describe the various tests of competency to consent to treatment used today and analyze the applicability of these tests to patients' decisions to accept or refuse psychiatric treatment.
Abstract: The authors describe the various tests of competency to consent to treatment used today, which include the following: 1)evidencing a choice, 2)"reasonable" outcome of choice, 3)choice based on "rational" reasons, 4)ability to understand, and 5)actual understanding. They analyze the applicability of these tests to patients' decisions to accept or refuse psychiatric treatment and illustrate the problems of ap-lying these tests by citing clinical case examples. They find that the circumstances in which competency becomes an issue determine which elements of which tests are stressed and which are underplayed.
606 citations
TL;DR: The emergence of an ideology which blames the individual for her or his illness is described and it is proposed that, instead of relying on costly and inefficient medical services, the individual should take more responsibility for herself or his health.
Abstract: This article describes the emergence of an ideology which blames the individual for her or his illness and proposes that, instead of relying on costly and inefficient medical services, the individual should take more responsibility for her or his health. At-risk behavior is seen as the problem and changing life-style, through education and/or economic sanctions, as the solution. The emergence of the ideology is explained by the contradictions arising from the threat of high medical costs, popular expectations of medicine along with political pressures for protection or extension of entitlements, and the politicization of environmental and occupational health issues. These contradictions produce a crisis which is at once economic, political and ideological, and which requires responses to destabilizing conditions in each of these spheres. These ideological initiatives, on the one hand, serve to reorder expectations and to justify the retrenchment from rights and entitlements for access to medical services, and, on the other, attempt to divert attention from the social causation of disease in the commercial and industrial sectors.
600 citations
TL;DR: In an analysis of the history of the research on the IQ-delinquency relation, the authors traces the developments leading to the current textbook position that IQ is not an important factor in delinquency.
Abstract: Recent research on intelligence and delinquency suggests that (1) the relation is at least as strong as the relation of either class or race to official delinquency; (2) the relation is stronger than the relation of either class or race to self-reported delinquency. In an analysis of the history of the research on the IQ-delinquency relation, we trace the developments leading to the current textbook position that IQ is not an important factor in delinquency. This position, which came into vogue about forty years ago and is still held by many sociologists, has its roots in: (1) a medical to sociological paradigm shift in this century; (2) the failure of subsequent research to substantiate the early exorbitant claims that low IQ was a necessary and sufficient condition for illegal behavior; (3) early negative reviews of research on this question by Sutherland and others; (4) reservations about the validity of the measurement of both IQ and delinquency; (5) erroneous interpretation of research findings; (6) speculation regarding factors which might account for the relation. It is noted that many currently prominent sociological theories of delinquency implicitly or explicitly use IQ as a crucial theoretical element. We show that IQ has an effect on delinquency independent of class and race, and we argue that this effect is mediated through a host of school variables. (abstract Adapted from Source: American Sociological Review, 1977. Copyright © 1977 by the American Sociological Association) Juvenile Delinquency Delinquency Causes Juvenile Offender Offender Intelligence Intelligence-Delinquency Link Literature Review 10-01
TL;DR: There was a close similarity between the initial features of patients in the three series; in spite of differences on organisation of care and in details of management, the mortality was exactly the same in each country.
Abstract: Methods for assessing early characteristics and late outcome after severe head injury have been devised and applied to 700 cases in three countries (Scotland, Netherlands, and USA) There was a close similarity between the initial features of patients in the three series; in spite of differences on organisation of care and in details of management , the mortality was exactly the same in each country This data bank of cases (which is still being enlarged) can be used for predicting outcome in new cases, and for setting up trials of management
TL;DR: By reviewing causes of death among cohorts of various major disease entities or conditions, one may infer that a large majority of suicides are associated with a relatively small number of conditions.
Abstract: By reviewing causes of death among cohorts of various major disease entities or conditions, one may infer that a large majority of suicides are associated with a relatively small number of conditions. From the available follow-up studies, we might estimate that the following percentage of affected individuals will die by suicide: primary (endogenous) depression, 15 per cent; reactive (neurotic) depression, 15 per cent; alcoholism, 15 per cent; schizophrenia, 10 per cent; psychopathic personality, 5 per cent; opiate addiction, 10 per cent or more. Rough estimates of the number of suicides per year in the United States attributable to each condition might be as follows (using low incidence figures): depression, 12,900; alcoholism, 6,900; schizophrenia, 3,800; psychopathy, 2,000 (?); drug addiction, 900.
TL;DR: Two groups of alcoholics received either one counseling session or several months of in- and outpatient treatment, with no significant differences in outcome between the two groups one year later.
Abstract: Two groups of alcoholics received either one counseling session or several months of in- and outpatient treatment. One year later there were no significant differences in outcome between the two groups.
TL;DR: Falls among the elderly, although associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, have not been previously the subject of a longitudinal study, and there appeared in some to be a 'clustering' of falls prior to death.
Abstract: Falls among the elderly, although associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, have not been previously the subject of a longitudinal study. This five-year prospective study of an active ambulatory institutionalized population over 65 years of age, revealed an annual fall rate of 668 incidents per 1000, with a rising frequency in successive age groups after age 75. Forty-five per cent of all subjects suffered at least one fall during the study period. Women had a higher fall rate in all age groups and the severity of their injuries appeared to increase with age. Injuries severe enough to be brought ordinarily to the immediate attention of a physician occurred in 17.5% of falls. Among subjects who ultimately died after suffering many falls, there appeared in some to be a 'clustering' of falls prior to death.
TL;DR: Two patterns which differed only in a single part could be discriminated from each other more quickly than could their distinguishing parts shown in isolation, and the outlines of a model for preattentive feature discrimination are presented.
Abstract: Theories of visual pattern recognition frequently assume that processing begins with an analysis of the pattern into component parts, which are often assumed to be line segments of particular orientations, lengths, positions, and curvatures. The present experiments measured discriminability of these simple parts when presented either in isolation or within configural contexts that provided no formal information useful for the discrimination. Certain contexts either impaired or did not affect performance. Other contexts were found, however, which dramatically improved discriminability. Thus, two patterns which differed only in a single part could be discriminated from each other more quickly than could their distinguishing parts shown in isolation. Further experiments suggest that this "configural superiority" effect influences perceptual components of processing rather than memorial components. The mechanism underlying configural superiority appears to be the detection of novel and distinguishing features, such as corners and intersections, which emerge when parts are placed in close proximity to each other. The outlines of a model for preattentive feature discrimination are presented.
TL;DR: Attack of dominant colony males of an albino rat (Rattus norvegicus) strain, on introduced strangers, produced a non-random distribution of bites, with ventral trunk virtually never bitten.
TL;DR: Vegetative depressive symptoms in cancer patients may reflect advanced disease, but nonsomatic symptoms should be reason for psychiatric consultation.
Abstract: Depressive symptoms assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory were compared in 97 cancer patients, 66 next-of-kin of cancer patients, and 99 physically healthy persons who attempted suicide. Less than a fourth of the cancer patients and a fifth of their next-of-kin but over half of the psychiatric patients were moderately or severely depressed. The two patient groups were indistinguishable in somatic depressive symptoms, both scoring higher then the next-of-kin. The cancer patients and the next-of-kin were indistinguishable in nonsomatic (psychological) depressive symptoms, both scoring lower than the suicide attempters. Younger patients reported more nonsomatic symptoms than older ones. Beck scores and nearness to death were not associated in 57 cancer patients who expired. Vegetative depressive symptoms in cancer patients may reflect advanced disease, but nonsomatic symptoms should be reason for psychiatric consultation. Language: en
TL;DR: The authors ranked accounts from 133 offenders and 92 victims for the dominant issue and found that the offenses could be categorized as power rape (sexuality used primarily to express power) or anger rape (use of sexuality to express anger).
Abstract: Accounts from both offenders and victims of what occurs during a rape suggest that issues of power, anger, and sexuality are important in understanding the rapist's behavior. All three issues seem to operate in every rape, but the proportion varies and one issue seems to dominate in each instance. The authors ranked accounts from 133 offenders and 92 victims for the dominant issue and found that the offenses could be categorized as power rape (sexuality used primarily to express power) or anger rape (use of sexuality to express anger). There were no rapes in which sex was the dominant issue; sexuality was always in the service of other, nonsexual needs.
TL;DR: The indicator of Potential Years of Life Lost between ages 1 and 70 (PYLL) is proposed with the primary objective of ranking major causes of premature mortality and fits well into the category of Social Indicators and can help health planners define priorities for the prevention of premature deaths.
Abstract: The indicator of Potential Years of Life Lost between ages 1 and 70 (PYLL) is proposed with the primary objective of ranking major causes of premature mortality. This proposal is based on a review of existing mortality indicators and indices and of the history of the concept of potential years of life lost. The method of calculation along with the corresponding rate and the age-adjusted rate are discussed and presented with applications to Canadian data and interpretation. Several methodological aspects are discussed, particularly the comparison with more sophisticated approaches based on life tables which do not appear to alter the ranking of major causes of premature death. This indicator fits well into the category of Social Indicators and can help health planners define priorities for the prevention of premature deaths. Epidemiological studies could also make use of this indicator of premature mortality. The simplicity of calculation and ease of comprehension should facilitate its use.
TL;DR: In this paper, a multivariate analysis of fear of crime in the United States was conducted by combining and analyzing two national samples from 1973 and 1974 in regard to fear (n = 2,700).
Abstract: Fear of crime in the United States has become a problem as serious as crime itself. Many commentators have pointed out that fear is greatly out of proportion to the objective probability of being victimized. But to date, few multivariate analyses of fear of crime have been undertaken. The present research moves in this direction by combining and analyzing two national samples from 1973 and 1974 in regard to fear (n = 2,700). We employed five variables central to the victimization literature-sex, race, age, socioeconomic status, and community size. Multivariate Nominal Scale Analysis (MNA) was employed to assess the independent ability of each variable to predict respondents who indicated a fear of crime (42 %) and those who did not (58 %/6). Findings indicated that sex and city size are strong predictors of fear. Age and race were somewhat less important than has generally been supposed and the socioeconomic variables, income and education, had small effects. Merely on the basis of this system of explanatory variables, however, it was possible to classify correctly almost 72 percent of the entire sample in regard to fear. Implications of this high explanatory power as well as limitations of the analysis are presented and discussed.
TL;DR: The model presented describes an optimal way to allocate a limited quantity of "cognitive resources," "attention" or "mental effort" for maximizing the probability of finding a target.
Abstract: From experiments showing that subjects differentially attend to parts of the visual field, psychologists have inferred a limitation on human visual information processing capacity. The model presented describes an optimal way to allocate a limited quantity of "cognitive resources," "attention" or "mental effort". For this model, the sense of optimality is maximizing the probability of finding a target. In an experiment to test the model, subjects searched for a single target letter in an otherwise blank field. Two probability distributions were used to select a target location for a trial, but only one distribution was used for a session. For both distributions, the fit of the model was quite good. It is suggested that the model provides a promising way to test the assumption limited visual processing capacity.
TL;DR: A treatment involving chronic implantation of a receiver that can be activated by an external power source to stimulate specific brain sites has been used in 11 patients with intractable psychiatric illness, one of which failed to respond to all indicated treatments.
Abstract: A treatment involving chronic implantation of a receiver that can be activated by an external power source to stimulate specific brain sites has been used in 11 patients with intractable psychiatric illness. All of the patients, a heterogeneous group, had failed to respond to all indicated treatments. Length of illness varied from 6 to 23 years without significant remission. Of the 11 patients, four had uncontrollable violence-aggression (two with no demonstrable organic brain disease and two with brain pathology), five were chronic schizophrenics, and two had lifelong patterns of severe neurosis in addition to the disabling disorder for which the procedure was performed. Three of the 11 patients had seizures in addition to behavioral pathology. Ten of the 11 patients are out of the hospital and functioning without medications or other treatment. Some are symptom-free and others have shown significant improvement. The one patient who failed to respond had an organic lesion over the cerebellar site that was to be stimulated. The rationale for the procedure was based on data gathered during earlier therapeutic studies in patients with depth electrodes and extensive anatomical and physiological experiments in animals. The transistorized stimulator used in treating these patients is similar to stimulators being used for treatment of epileptic and spastic patients.
TL;DR: The variations in the application of the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire provide clear indications that additional normative data are needed, as well as additional research in the area of the relationship between behavior rating scales and behavior observation techniques.
Abstract: In summary, the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire was developed as a screening instrument for use by preschool teachers, providing norms for children, ages 3–6. During the 34-month period since its publication in late 1974, the scale has been used to a considerable extent in the screening of young children. Those who have used the scale evaluate it highly. However, the variations in the application of the scale provide clear indications that additional normative data are needed, as well as additional research in the area of the relationship between behavior rating scales and behavior observation techniques.
TL;DR: Post-concussion symptoms were more frequent in women, in those injured by falls, and in those who blamed their employers or large impersonal organisations for their accidents.
TL;DR: In this article, the primary alcoholics as a group reported a greater incidence of familial alcohol abuse than the psychiatric subjects, but a difference on this factor was not observed between the primary and secondary subgroups.
Abstract: • Alcoholics were differentiated into two subgroups on the basis of drinking patterns and subjective response to alcohol. Severe drinkers (primary alcoholics) retrospectively reported more symptoms of childhood minimal brain dysfunction than less severe drinkers (secondary alcoholics), psychiatric patients, and normals. The alcoholics as a group reported a greater incidence of familial alcohol abuse than the psychiatric subjects, but a difference on this factor was not observed between the primary and secondary subgroups. In terms of clinical status, the primary alcoholics presented Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory profile more indicative of normality than the other groups, but scored significantly higher on the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale. These findings are discussed in light of further delineating a specific subtype of alcoholism that may have a genetic-constitutional relationship with other pathological disorders.
TL;DR: A general review is presented of most areas of sound‐propagation outdoors that are of interest for the control of community noise and suggestions made concerning research activities, applications of existing research, and practical problems which arise in the prediction of noise levels.
Abstract: A general review is presented of most areas of sound‐propagation outdoors that are of interest for the control of community noise. These areas are geometrical spreading, atmospheric absorption, ground effect, (near horizontal propagation in a homogenous atmosphere close to flat ground), refraction, the effect of atmospheric turbulence, and the effect of topography (elevation, hillsides, foilage, etc.) The current state of knowledge in each area is presented and suggestions made concerning research activities, applications of existing research, and practical problems which arise in the prediction of noise levels.
TL;DR: Children frequently fall out of bed but seldom incur serious injury; when such a fall raises parental concern, the pediatrician is consulted; even in this group, the child is rarely found to have a severe injury.
Abstract: Children frequently fall out of bed but seldom incur serious injury. When
such a fall raises parental concern, the pediatrician is consulted; even in
this group, the child is rarely found to have a severe injury. There is a
clinical impression that skull radiographs, when taken in these situations,
are of extremely low yield and are not necessary as a routine. Occasionally a child who is reported to have fallen out of bed presents
with a skull fracture, cerebral edema, retinal hemorrhage, subdural hematoma,
and/or epidural hemorrhage. These severe injuries are discrepant with the
history; it is often this discrepancy