Showing papers on "Realistic conflict theory published in 2016"

Within-group behavioural consequences of between-group conflict: a prospective review.

Abstract: Conflict is rife in group-living species and exerts a powerful selective force. Group members face a variety of threats from extra-group conspecifics, from individuals looking for reproductive opportunities to rival groups seeking resources. Theory predicts that such between-group conflict should influence within-group behaviour. However, compared with the extensive literature on the consequences of within-group conflict, relatively little research has considered the behavioural impacts of between-group conflict. We give an overview of why between-group conflict is expected to influence subsequent behaviour among group members. We then use what is known about the consequences of within-group conflict to generate testable predictions about how between-group conflict might affect within-group behaviour in the aftermath. We consider the types of behaviour that could change and how the role of different group members in the conflict can exert an influence. Furthermore, we discuss how conflict characteristics and outcome, group size, social structure and within-group relationship quality might modulate post-conflict behavioural changes. Finally, we propose the need for consistent definitions, a broader range of examined behaviours and taxa, individual-focused data collection, complementary observational and experimental approaches, and a consideration of lasting effects if we are to understand fully the significant influence of between-group conflict on social behaviour.

Effects of intergroup threat on mind, brain, and behavior

Abstract: Intergroup threat is one catalyst that shifts us from out-group disregard to out-group hostility. We review recent inter-disciplinary research that explores the effects of intergroup threat on mind, brain, and behavior. A rapidly growing literature indicates that several types of intergroup threat — for example, realistic threats such as competition and resource scarcity — have significant effects on empathy toward, perceptual judgments of, and cognitive representations of out-group members. We also briefly consider the emerging research assessing biological markers of intergroup threat sensitivity. Converging evidence from psychology and neuroscience may help to elucidate the precise pathways by which intergroup threat creates subtle discrimination as well as overt conflict.

Who Does (Not) Participate in Intergroup Conflict

Abstract: Prior research on the participation in intergroup conflict suggests that prosocial individuals are parochial cooperators who escalate intergroup conflict. However, evidence on this conjecture is currently inconclusive. We provide a critical empirical test of the link between individuals’ prosocial tendencies (operationalized via Social Value Orientation [SVO] and trait Honesty-Humility) and cooperative behavior in different intergroup conflict games (i.e., variants of the Intergroup Prisoner’s Dilemma). Contradicting the view that prosocial individuals fuel intergroup conflict, both trait dimensions were positively associated with cooperative behavior toward others in general, irrespective of others’ group membership. That is, individuals with a prosocial SVO or high levels of Honesty-Humility, respectively, refrained from harming out-group members and, if possible, even benefited them. Overall, the results imply that the cooperativeness of prosocial individuals is universal in nature, thus exceeding the ...

Perspective-A New Look at Conflict Management in Work Groups

Abstract: Members of work groups are highly interdependent and often share incompatible values, objectives, and opinions. As a result, conflict frequently arises. Given the profound impact of conflict on group effectiveness, scholars have sought to identify strategies that can mitigate its downsides and leverage its upsides. Yet research on conflict management strategies has accumulated inconsistent results. In this Perspectives piece, we argue that these inconsistent findings can be resolved if scholars take a more expansive view of the consequences of conflict management strategies: whereas existing research considers how individual strategies influence a single group conflict type relational, status, process, or task, we consider the impact of individual strategies on all four conflict types. After building a typology by organizing strategies according to the conflict type that each is best equipped to manage, we argue that the strategies most appropriate for managing one type of conflict may systematically backfire by escalating other conflict types. For example, the adoption of a superordinate identity is likely to resolve relational conflict, yet exacerbate status conflict. In addition to uncovering these instances of "negative spillovers," we shed light on the rarer phenomena of "positive spillovers," which occur when conflict management strategies resolve conflict types they were not originally designed to influence. By highlighting how individual conflict management strategies influence multiple conflict types-often in contrasting ways-this Perspectives article reconciles conflicting findings and redirects the literature by providing scholars with new recommendations on how to study conflict management in work groups.

Meaning threat can promote peaceful, not only military-based approaches to intergroup conflict: The moderating role of ingroup glorification

Abstract: Most research on threat documents its negative consequences. Similarly, most research on intergroup contexts has emphasized their negative behavioral effects. Drawing on the Meaning Maintenance Model and recent perspectives on the potential for positivity in intergroup conflict, we predicted that meaning threat can produce both antisocial and prosocial responses to intergroup conflict, depending on people's preexisting meaning frameworks. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that under meaning threat, low ingroup glorifiers strengthened their support for peaceful conflict resolution, whereas high ingroup glorifiers strengthened their support for military-based conflict resolution. In the context of the Israel–Palestinian conflict, Study 3 found that low glorification was associated with greater support for peace during “hot” (but not “cold”) conflict, because hot conflict reduced their meaning in life. These findings are consistent with the notion that when meaning is threatened, people affirm their preexisting values—whether prosocial or antisocial—even in the context of intergroup conflict.

Improving intergroup relations

Abstract: Understanding the psychological processes that shape intergroup relations and sometimes fuel bias and conflict can help inform interventions to improve intergroup relations. This article examines psychological processes of social perception and cognition that are integral to intergroup relations and discusses how these forces can be redirected to improve intergroup relations, often through the experience of positive intergroup contact. We further consider how members of socially advantaged and disadvantaged groups may respond differently to interventions, and how a focus primarily on promoting positive intergroup attitudes may fall short of ameliorating structural inequality between groups. We identify current conceptual and practical challenges and suggest directions for future research.

Competition and intergroup bias: Toward a new construal process framework distinguishing competitive perceptions from competitive motivations

Abstract: Research on the effects of intergroup competition has relied on various conceptual approaches and has produced inconsistent findings. Following a review of the intergroup competition literature, we...

Understanding Prejudice Racism And Social Conflict

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Reflections on prejudice and intergroup relations

Abstract: Intergroup relations examine how people of different backgrounds and groups interact with one another. Intergroup encounters can range from highly positive (e.g., friendships) to extremely negative (e.g., genocides) so the charge of intergroup relations is to illuminate the social psychological processes that influence such encounters. The present review highlights four themes: (1) intergroup prejudice as ingroup love versus outgroup hate; (2) contemporary forms of intergroup prejudice; (3) how contact between groups may reduce intergroup prejudice; and (4) how material concerns (e.g., distribution of resources) and psychological processes (e.g., group identification) further influence intergroup relations. The review concludes with thoughts on the state of intergroup relations research and its relevance to contemporary society.

Religious identification and interreligious contact in Indonesia and the Philippines: Testing the mediating roles of perceived group threat and social dominance orientation and the moderating role of context

Abstract: This study integrates three theoretical perspectives provided by social identity theory, realistic group conflict theory and social dominance theory to examine the relationship between religious identification and interreligious contact. It relies on a unique dataset collected among Christian and Muslim students in ethnically and religiously diverse regions of Indonesia and the Philippines, where social cleavages occur along religious lines. Religious identification directly predicts a higher quality of interreligious contact, whereas it indirectly predicts a lower quantity and quality of contact, mediated by higher perception of group threat, and a higher quality of contact, mediated by lower social dominance orientation. Furthermore, these direct and indirect relationships are moderated by religious group membership and relative group size. We conclude that religious identification functions as a 'double-edged sword' predicting both higher quality and lower quantity and quality of interreligious contact through various pathways and with a varying strength depending on intergroup context.

Towards a Social-Psychological Model of Intergroup Conflict

Abstract: The discipline of social psychology has evidenced a long-term interest in the understanding and resolution of intergroup conflict within the broader study of intergroup relations

Social Divisions, Intergroup Conflict and Diversity. Reflections about Social Conflict and Diversity: the Case of Israeli Organizations

Abstract: Julia Kristeva’s query with regard to the capacity of individuals in today’s society to confront and deal with social divisions and diversities appears as actual and relevant as ever. Indeed, the 21st century has evinced a marked transition in terms of a growing diversification of the workforce and organizational membership owing to globalization and immigration trends (Coleman Selden and Selden 2001). Understanding the ramifications of social schisms on diversity-related dynamics and performance in organizations has become vital in the current era, characterized by mounting socio-political, cultural and economic complexities, competition and concomitant growing interdependencies among individuals, groups and organizations, hence the need for collaboration.

The Effects of Chieftaincy and Land Conflicts on the Socio-political Development of Northern Ghana

Abstract: This paper assesses the effects of inter-ethnic chieftaincy and land conflicts on the socio-political development of northern Ghana. The knowledge gap the study sought to fill is the use of theoretical antecedents to illustrate that conflicts have some merits for socio-political development and that conflict theories equally depict solutions to conflicts. Methodologically, the study makes use of content analysis of secondary data, by following the tenets of the realistic group conflict theory. Examples were drawn from the Konkomba, Gonja, Nanumba, Dagomba, Kusasi, Mo and the Sissala disputes of emancipation. It was revealed that major positive effects of the conflicts include improvement in the decision-making processes on community development issues, strengthening of inter-ethnic unity and helping to redeem the identity of a group. The destruction of life and property is the major demerit. It was recommended that civic education on the causes and effects of the conflicts by authentic participation of potential disputants could provide a more sustainable way of preventing conflict.

The Uighurs Versus the Chinese Government: An Application of Realistic Conflict Theory

Abstract: This article applies Realistic Conflict Theory to the understanding of Uighur terrorism against the Chinese in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region. By and large, Realistic Conflict Theory posits that disagreement over objectives and competition over limited resources tend to lead to intergroup conflict. By the same token, as an “in-group” mentality emerges, a great amount of discrimination and negative stereotypes are the consequences for the out-group. The Uighurs (a Muslim people) have had complicated relations with China, so much so that they were increasingly bent on creating their own independent state. As the People's Republic of China grew more powerful, its stance toward the Uighurs was reflected through a shift from mild hostilities to more acute persecutions. For these reasons, the Uighurs have resorted to terrorism.

Attitude towards Homosexuality : A Survey Based Study

Abstract: INTRODUCTIONIndia is a country which embraces diversity in many forms. Diversity emerges from differences in nationality, ethnicity, religion, region, language, physical ability, sexual orientation etc. While some aspects of diversity are due to birth, other aspects are a result of learning. Diversity has many positive consequences such as learning new ways of living, problem solving, and a sense of excitement. It also involves the prevalence of multiple perspectives. Yet diversity also has many negative consequences such as prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination. According to Taylor, Peplau, and Sears (2006) prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination are three main elements of group antagonism.Prejudice, Stereotyping, and DiscriminationThe terms prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination are often used interchangeably. Stereotypes basically are the cognitive components of attitudes towards a certain social group. They are the beliefs or expectations regarding what a certain social group is like. Stereotypes are the cognitive aspects of group antagonism. They are the beliefs about the typical characteristics of members of a group or social category. Stereotypes also involve attributions. Stereotypes act as schemas-cognitive frameworks for organizing, interpreting, and recalling information (Wyer & Srull 1994). Stereotypes affect the way one thinks, feels and behaves. Ethnocentrism refers to the belief that the in-group is the centre of the social world and superior to out-groups (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006).Prejudice is the affective component of attitudes i.e. the feelings towards a certain social group. Prejudice according to Baron, Branscombe, Byrne, and Bhardwaj (2009) refers to negative emotional responses based on group membership. Group antagonism occurs when members of the in-group display negative attitudes and behaviour towards members of the out-group.Discrimination is the behavioural manifestation of group antagonism. It involves negative behaviours toward individuals based on their membership in a certain social group.Origin of PrejudiceOne of the prime reasons for the development of prejudice is the competition for resources, according to the Realistic Conflict Theory (Sherif et al., 1961). Social categorization is another important source of prejudice. People divide the world into distinct categories. This often results in different perceptions of "us" versus "them". Tajfel, Billing, Bundy, and Flament (1971) found that when people are divided into distinct categories even on the basis of some trivial criterion, it results in different perceptions of, and behaviors toward the members of the in-group versus the members of the out-group. Another important theory, Social identity theory states that we feel positively about the groups to which we belong to and our self-esteem derives to a great extent from membership in social groups (Tajfel and Turner, 1986).Prejudice is also developed through social learning. Often media portrayals reflect the current stereotypes prevailing in the society. However, in many instances media has played a crucial role in mobilizing public support for important issues related to discrimination.Reducing PrejudiceSince one of the important ways of acquiring prejudice is through social learning therefore it can also be a way of reducing prejudice. Another way of reducing prejudice is by encouraging intergroup contact (Allport, 1954). Another approach is re-categorization. It involves re-categorizing members of both the in-group and out-group as members of a larger, more inclusive superordinate category or group. Evidence regarding the use of social influence processes to reduce prejudice has been reported by Stangor, Sechrist, and Jost (2001).Attitude towards homosexualityViews regarding sexual behaviour are influenced by socio-cultural factors, religious beliefs etc. Over a period of time, ideas about sexuality and sexual deviance have undergone many changes. …

A Model for Understanding Positive Intergroup Relations Using the In-Group-Favoring Norm

Abstract: We present a model of intergroup relations focused on the role of the in-group-favoring norm as capable of facilitating positive intergroup relations. We begin by defining the in-group-favoring norm and describing how it affects self-evaluations and evaluations of out-group members. We then outline how positive intergroup relations may result via the implementation of specific techniques fundamental to the in-group-favoring norm, including emphasizing the value of interactions with the out-group, establishing cooperative intergroup norms, and establishing superordinate goals. In so doing, we discuss how classic moderators of intergroup relations, including leadership, guilt, and in-group norms are facilitators of positive intergroup relations once in-group interests are considered.

Relation Research on Job Demand-Control-Support, Work-Leisure Conflict, Quality of Life in Tourism Employee's

Abstract: Background/Objectives: The purpose of this research is to provide a way of improving the quality of life for workers in tourism field by finding out the effect relation among job demand, job control, leisure activities and work-leisure conflict and between work-leisure conflict and quality of life. Methods/Statistical Analysis: This research investigates workers in hotel, tourism, aviation and food-service fields. Plus, for corroborative evidence analysis, SPSS for win 20.0 is utilized and frequency, reliance, a cause and recurrence analysis are conducted so as to support this research. Findings: At first, the fact that there are few researches penetrating into work-leisure conflict and even it is never dealt in Korea gives a great significance. Further, it can be more worthy in that this research is performed apposite to domestic circumstance in Korea. At second fundamental with the previous research, as the verification result of work-leisure validity, 3 factors such as time conflict, strain conflict and fatigue conflict can be extracted. In the case of fatigue conflict, though the other factors are dealt in the previous researches, but it is unique one extracted in this research. It can demonstrate that it is necessary to distinguish fatigue conflict in the work-leisure conflict. At third, as researched, it is true that job environment affects workleisure conflict. At, fourth, it is shown that strain conflict and fatigue conflict of work-leisure conflict affect the quality of life. Application/Improvements: The author expects that the concept of work-leisure conflict focused on this study can be cited in many fields of the social sciences such as women’s studies, human rights, management, sociology and psychology.

Constructive Management and Resolution of Conflict

Abstract: This article reviews the concepts of conflict resolution and conflict management in various fields of psychology, and provides an overview of the key antecedents and consequences of destructive and constructive conflict, its different types (task, relationship, and process), and conflict management styles. It also presents a historical overview of the theoretical models of conflict. The most commonly used conflict instruments are listed and briefly described in a table. The article ends with an analysis of two critical cases reflecting real-life situations and makes recommendations for professionals on how to deal with conflict situations effectively.

Elicitive Conflict Transformation and New Media: In Search for a Common Ground

Abstract: Advocates of elicitive conflict transformation (ECT) maintain that the parties to a conflict are the most important resource in efforts to render that conflict less violent. According to them, the transformation of the conflict is immanent to the conflict itself. The claim of ECT theorists is that classical conflict resolution has mostly aimed at overcoming a conflict by means of neutral mediation, while conflict transformation is not primarily concerned with terminating a conflict and considers the conflict worker as part of the conflict system. Although ECT is a communication-based model of conflict management and relies on human media, its media-theoretical aspects are not made explicit, raising the question of what role technological media play in the communicative processes that make up ECT techniques. Through an examination of the claimed differences between conflict resolution and conflict transformation, and focusing on the common roots of new media and the elicitive model in systems and cybernetic theory, this paper asks whether any peacebuilding potential of new media could be found in a specific anti-propagandistic quality of distributed technological media. It concludes by looking at any such potential in social media.

Social Conflict Theory in Studying the Conflict in Northern Ireland

Abstract: Uses of Social Conflict Theory-The Case of Northern IrelandSocial conflict theories emphasize the role of conflict as an integral factor in shaping social conditions and the dynamics of social life (Mucha 1978). In fact, as we study and/or participate in social life, we often encounter conflicts or potentially conflictual situations among individuals, social groups, political parties, and so forth. The question to be posed is whether conflict theories provide an equally useful analytical tool for understanding a conflict that is ethnic in nature. In other words, can sociological social conflict theories provide us with a better and a more in-depth understanding (verstehen) of what is involved in an ethnic conflict, including its underlying conditions and the motivations of its social actors.The aim of this article is to discuss the usefulness of social conflict theory as a theoretical framework for analyzing the conflict in Northern Ireland. I focus on three selected theories, ranging from Lewis Coser's and Ralf Dahrendorf's classic theories of conflict to Randall Collins' sociology of conflict. This theoretical approach is not often used by scholars writing about the conflict in Northern Ireland; there are no analyses based specifically on sociological conflict theories (Coser's or Dahrendorf's theories or Collins' conflict sociology). A psychological framework would seem to be much more popular: a considerable amount of research and analysis has been based on it (Cunningham 1998). Although there are publications exploring a macro-social approach, many of these are based on Marxist theory (see chapter 2).The selected authors have published many works, both articles and books. In my analysis, however, I focus on the works that are most useful for understanding the authors' ideas. For the same reason I briefly refer to-rather than explore in-depth-selected aspects of the above-mentioned theories that are relevant to analyzing the conflict in Northern Ireland.Not many Polish publications, especially in the scholarly discourse, have explored or analyzed the conflict in Northern Ireland. Most authors of those that do exist have considered the history of the conflict: for instance, Witold Gruszka (1972, 1977), Stanislaw Grzybowski (1998), or more recently Agnieszka Piorko in Historia Irlandii Polnocnej (2008). There have also been interesting publications analysing the political dimensions of the conflict, especially the role of the republican Sinn Fein and the Irish Republican Army: for example, the works of Witold Gruszka 1986, Wawrzyniec Konarski 1991, 2001, or Szymon Bachrynowski 2010. However, the conflict in Northern Ireland does not seem to attract the full attention of Polish researchers, sociologists, or anthropologists; it is more often mentioned in passing in articles or books analysing ethnic issues (for example, Walter Zelazny 2006, Malgorzata Budyta-Budzynska 2010) rather than being the main topic (for example, Dorota Woroniecka 2012; Ewa Szczecinska-Musielak 2011, 2012).Social versus Ethnic ConflictHowever, theoretical frameworks emphasizing a conflict approach have inspired Polish scholars. Ralf Dahrendorf's and Lewis Coser's theories, among other conflict theories, have been precisely and comprehensively analyzed by Janusz Mucha (1978), Marek Mlicki (1992), and Janusz Sztumski (1987; 2000). Janusz Mucha also used the interactionist approach presented in Collins's conflict theory in his own theory of an interactionist sociology of ethnic relations (2012). Henryk Bialyszewski (1983) defines social conflict as the consequence of conflict between different social roles and statuses (especially occupational roles) and also analyses conflict situations at work.Anna Adamus-Matuszynska (1998) emphasizes the impact of beliefs, attitudes, stereotypes, and needs in conflict situations. Although the title of her book is social conflict and the topic includes the conflict theories of Johan Galtung, Dean Pruitt, Jeffrey Rubin, and John Burton, in the last chapter she analyzes a specific ethnic conflict, as an example of social conflict. …

Understanding Prejudice Racism And Social Conflict

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Symbolic Interests and the Intensity of Inter-Group Conflict: Revised Version

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to develop a theory to help understand variations in the intensity of conflict between groups. The conflict involving some groups is intense while among others much less so. Moreover, conflicts among some groups tend to escalate while among others it abates. Further, conflict among other groups is latent because one group succeeds in suppressing the interests of another group for its purposes. Important to the theory is the concept of symbolic interest which is extensively developed. At the core of the theory is the idea that conflict between groups causes cognitive conflict involving what are termed patterns of symbolic interests held by the members of groups involved in intergroup conflict. The nature of these patterns and how they resolve provide the basis for predictions regarding the intensity of group conflict and whether it will tend to escalate or abate. Abelson’s theory of the resolution of belief dilemmas is employed to generate these predictions. A number of scenarios are developed which illustrate representative intergroup conflicts. The outcomes of such conflicts are predicted and explained in the light of the theory spelled out in the paper. The paper closes with suggestions for future research.

Aligned or Misaligned? Similarities and Differences between African Americans' and Black Caribbeans' Opinions on Affirmative Action

Abstract: INTRODUCTIONAffirmative action has been one of the most controversial issues in American politics since the 1960s. To many, it is controversial because it is a set of policies that target some groups to benefit but not others. Moreover, affirmative action policies take race into account when doling out benefits. Policies that involve tangible benefits such as jobs, admissions into institutions of higher education, scholarship dollars, business contracts, and many other benefits are likely to draw a lot of attention and be controversial. To be sure, affirmative action is not necessarily a single policy, rather it is an amalgam of policies that serve to ensure equal access to opportunities for a number of social groups who have been systemically denied equal access to opportunities in the past (Mangum, 2008).When affirmative action policies allow individuals to be afforded equal opportunity based on race, those policies become even more hotly contested. This is the case even though scholars have demonstrated that White women are the greatest beneficiaries of affirmative action programs (Crosby et al., 2003). Still, many Americans view African Americans as the chief beneficiaries (Crosby et al., 2006; Sniderman and Piazza, 1993).Because affirmative action policies, like so many policies, determine winners (expected to benefit) and losers (not expected to benefit) based on membership in social groups, group characteristics and status matter a great deal. That is, an individual is more likely to support policies that include her or him as a winner, and more likely to oppose policies that designate her or him to be a loser. So, whether Blacks (African Americans and Black Caribbeans) actually do benefit from affirmative action and preferential hiring and promotion is not relevant. It is whether they believe or perceive that they themselves benefit, and the reasons why they benefit, that are important here.The purpose of this study is to provide a comparative analysis among African Americans and Caribbean Blacks as to why some support or oppose affirmative action and preferential hiring and promotion. We are particularly interested in whether they support and oppose for the same reasons or for different reasons. Popular conceptions and discussions of affirmative action and preferential hiring and promotion place Blacks as some of the intended beneficiaries. To the extent that they do stand to benefit, their support is understandable. Nonetheless, we seize this opportunity to discern not just why some African Americans and Black Caribbeans support affirmative action and preferential hiring and promotion, but also why they oppose them.Given that there is no such thing as a Black monolith, we ask whether ethnicity plays a part beyond race effects. Therefore, we address similarities and differences in the opinions held by African Americans and Black Caribbeans. Not only do we expect ethnicity to play a part, but we also seek to know whether racial identity and racial consciousness lead one group of Blacks to support more than the other. Therefore, we test for the effects of racial identity and racial consciousness. Support and opposition might also be a function of perceptions of forces that are both external and internal to Blacks. Similarities and differences in perceptions of discrimination visited upon Blacks can help explain why some Blacks support more than others. Those Blacks who perceive more discrimination will be more supportive than those who do not. We also ask whether internal forces matter. That is, we address the possibility that negative evaluations of Blacks have for each other might affect their opinions on affirmative action and preferential hiring and promotion. Blacks holding negative stereotypes of each other Blacks, and Blacks possessing racial resentment, will certainly foster opposition. Finally, we also inquire whether Blacks support as a means of preserving their jobs, as would be suggested by the realistic group conflict theory. …

The Social Psychology of Social Media Reactions to Terrorism

Abstract: Columnists and social media users commonly stated that terrorist attacks resonate differently in the world and they speculated on some potential reasons such as familiarity, number of victims, and the difference in expectations of a country to be a stage for a terrorist attack to explain this difference. An academic perspective, more specifically a sociological one, is needed to bring light to this debate. In this study, I aimed to understand the discourse after terrorist attacks and to find out if there is a difference between reactions to terrorist attack based on where they happened. This paper embraces a text mining approach to uncover what topics are discussed after four cases of terrorist attacks and to reveal if there is a discrepancy in reactions towards terrorist attacks based on the country they happened. The study consists of two parts. In the first part, the determinants of the public interest and support and how public interest differentiates between different cases of terror attacks is explored. In the second part, topic sentiment analysis is conducted to reveal the nature of the discourse on terrorism. Using the insights from social identity theory, realistic conflict theory and integrated threat theory, I argued that social group categorization in the context of terrorism takes place in a dichotomous manner as Western and Non-Western. This argument, social self-identities being based on ‘West vs. the Rest' mentality in the context of terrorism, is supported by the statistical evidence and the topic model. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

The analysis of social conflict portrayed in robert frost’s selected poem

Abstract: Social conflict is an event that we often overcome in our daily life. People usually face the social conflict by many attitudes. There are three kinds of social conflict, they are conflict between individual, inter-group conflict, and conflict between organizations. There are many ways of someone to express their thought about social conflict, One of them is by using beautiful combination of words that contains implicit meaning that makes that combination of words is hard to be understood. One of the famous poets is Robert Frost. Robert frost beautifully uses combination of words and metaphor to express his thinking of social conflict. By using descriptive qualitative method, the researcher is helped to pill off the meaning of the poem that closely related to social conflict in the selected poem of Robert Frost. After having analysis over the entire related source in this case in this case is poem, the researcher found that there is a tendency of the author of the poem, Robert Frost, in using the social conflict sense in presenting the poem. The implicit point of social conflict in the poem, most of them is included to conflict between individual, then the rest is included to inter-group conflict. As said by That condition is analogously with the theory of social conflict that is conflict between individual that stated Conflict between individual is conflict that occurs between one individual, to another individual or more. This conflict is usually caused by confusing condition of someone (Rummel : 1991). Keywords : Social Conflict, Robert Frost’s Poem, Conflict between Individual