Showing papers on "Reliability (statistics) published in 1982"
Book•
20 Jul 1982762 citations
TL;DR: Factors which influence test-retest reliability are examined for the widely used Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) and for the Lifetime Drinking History (LDH), a structured interview that quantifies lifetime patterns of alcohol consumption.
Abstract: are often used as a means of collecting information on drinking behavior for the diagnosis of alcohol misuse, for making treatment decisions and for evaluating treatment outcome. However, various elements can influence the reliability and validity of these data, including the assessment context, detoxication status and the kinds of alcohol-related behaviors measured (1). In the present study, factors which influence test-retest reliability are examined for the widely used Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) (2) and for the Lifetime Drinking History (LDH), 2 a structured interview that quantifies lifetime patterns of alcohol consumption. Reliability may be defined as the consistency of an individual's reporting of drinking behavior both within a single assessment (internal consistency) as well as between two assessment occasions (test-retest). Reliability addresses only the reprodueibility or stability of indices related to alcohol use, and is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the validity of a measure. Since the extent of measurement error sets a mathematical upper bound on any
743 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, key informant reports from both sides of a set of wholesaler-retailer dyads are analyzed to investigate the convergent and discriminant validity of the measures.
Abstract: Key informant reports from both sides of a set of wholesaler-retailer dyads are analyzed to investigate the convergent and discriminant validity of the measures. These measures, derived from a poli...
651 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that these measures are remarkably accurate indicators of actual weight and height, even in groups of people for whom one might expect the data to be of a poorer quality, such as those who are severely overweight.
491 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present Communicative Strategies in Organizational Conflicts: Reliability and Validity of a Measurement Scale (CSMS), a survey of communication strategies in conflict resolution.
Abstract: (1982). Communicative Strategies in Organizational Conflicts: Reliability and Validity of a Measurement Scale. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 6, Communication Yearbook 6, pp. 629-652.
310 citations
TL;DR: Methods of determining the design correctness of systems as applied to computer programs are surveyed.
Abstract: It is essential to assess the reliability of digital computer systems used for critical real-time control applications (e.g., nuclear power plant safety control systems). This involves the assessment of the design correctness of the combined hardware/software system as well as the reliability of the hardware. In this paper we survey methods of determining the design correctness of systems as applied to computer programs.
295 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the impact of a specific measure of reliability, the variability of travel time, on the route-to-work choice through the use of a survey instrument posing hypothetical commute alternatives.
Abstract: Although reliability of travel modes has generally been found to be one of the most important attributes of transportation systems, few attempts have been made to make these findings operational. The impact of a specific measure of reliability, the variability of travel time, on the route-to-work choice is investigated in this research through the use of a survey instrument posing hypothetical commute alternatives. A mean-variance model of travel choice is used to estimate an individual's tradeoff between time and variability (i.e., risk aversion). The principal tool of analysis was LINMAP, a linear programming technique for multidimensional analysis of preferences, which yielded estimates of each respondent's risk aversion coefficient (λ). A pretest was conducted to determine an appropriate format for the commute choices and to investigate external validity concerns.
258 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a study conducted to develop probability-based load factors and load combinations suitable for use with the loads specified in American National Standard A58 on design loads and with all common construction materials and technologies.
Abstract: This is the first of two papers that describe a study conducted to develop probability-based load factors and load combinations suitable for use with the loads specified in American National Standard A58 on design loads and with all common construction materials and technologies. The first part of the study, described in this paper, involved the selection of a probabilistic methodology for performing the necessary reliability analyses and the collection and examination of statistical data on structural resistance and loads. Levels of reliability implied by the use of current design standards and specifications for common design situations in which performance generally is felt to be satisfactory were then estimated.
255 citations
TL;DR: A revised version of the Rapid Disability Rating Scale (RDRS‐2) is presented, and the new appraisals of reliability, factor structure, and validity are reported, along with the potential uses of the scale.
Abstract: A revised version of the Rapid Disability Rating Scale (RDRS-2) is presented. Item definitions have been sharpened and directions expanded to indicate that ratings are based upon the patient's performance in regard to behavior, and that prostheses normally used by the patient should be included in the assessment. Three items have been added to increase the breadth of the scale. Response items have been changed from three-point to four-point ratings in order to increase group discrimination and make the scale more sensitive to changes in treatment. The new appraisals of reliability, factor structure, and validity are reported, along with the potential uses of the scale.
217 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a reliability and maintainability study of computer control (CNC) machine tools is described, where the lognormal and Weibull distribution are used to describe time between failures and the repair times.
215 citations
TL;DR: The authors recommend more explicit instructions in the administration of the scale, the use of a standardized interview, and more training for raters as ways of increasing reliability of axis V of DSM-III.
Abstract: The authors studied the reliability of axis V of DSM-III by analyzing ratings of 97 psychiatric inpatients made by a multidisciplinary team of clinicians. The intraclass correlation coefficient for ratings of the overall sample was .49, lower than the figure found during the DSM-III field trials. The psychiatric diagnosis, age, ethnicity, marital status, and sex of the patient did not significantly influence reliability. The authors recommend more explicit instructions in the administration of the scale, the use of a standardized interview, and more training for raters as ways of increasing reliability.
TL;DR: Despite the importance of the concept of involvement, it remains misunderstood as discussed by the authors and no attempt has been made to establish the reliability and validity of the notion of involvement and its application in the real world.
Abstract: Despite the importance of the concept of involvement, it remains misunderstood. No attempt has been made to establish the reliability and validity of the concept. To resolve apparently conflicting ...
TL;DR: The considerations that ought to govern the choice between competing definitions in this situation are discussed, and it is suggested that the best research strategy at present may be to use two or three alternative definitions simultaneously.
Abstract: • The need for operational definitions of psychiatric syndromes is now widely accepted, and their use has improved reliability considerably. However, the existence of numerous competing definitions of several of the major syndromes and political pressures to use particular definitions highlight our lack of adequate criteria of validity. One reason why it is difficult to decide where the boundaries of individual syndromes should best be drawn is that we have largely failed to demonstrate discontinuities or "points of rarity" between related syndromes. The considerations that ought to govern the choice between competing definitions in this situation are discussed, and it is suggested that the best research strategy at present may be to use two or three alternative definitions simultaneously.
TL;DR: In this article, the incremental load approach for identifying and expressing collapse modes is expanded by employing a strategy to identify and enumerate the significant structural collapse modes, which further isolates the importance of critical components in the system performance.
TL;DR: In this article, a multifacet sampling model based on generalizability theory is developed for the measurement of dispositional attributes, where dispositions are defined in terms of universes of observations, and the value of the disposition is given by the universe score, the mean over the universe defining the disposition.
Abstract: A multifacet sampling model, based on generalizability theory, is developed for the measurement of dispositional attributes. Dispositions are defined in terms of universes of observations, and the value of the disposition is given by the universe score, the mean over the universe defining the disposition. Observed scores provide estimates of universe scores, and errors of measurement are introduced in order to maintain consistency in these estimates. The sampling model provides a straightforward interpretation of validity in terms of the accuracy of estimates of the universe scores, and of reliability in terms of the consistency among these estimates. A third property of measurements, import, is defined in terms of all of the implications of a measurement. The model provides the basis for a detailed analysis of standardization and of the systematic errors that standardization creates; for example, the hypothesis that increases in reliability may cause decreases in validity is easily derived from the model...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose to include elements for subjective assessment of model uncertainty information in the reliability model itself without losing the general level of operational simplicity of the limit state models.
TL;DR: Assessment of the reliability of a method of measuring trunk motion and two related motions using a tape measure and a stepstool identified two types of constant error affecting the data.
Abstract: A method of measuring trunk motion and two related motions using a tape measure and a stepstool was developed by physical therapists at our hospital. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of this method. Three repetitions of six motions performed by 24 subjects were each measured by three physical therapist raters on two separate days. The motions were forward bending, backward bending, right side bending, right rotation, right straight leg raising, and right prone knee bending. Reliability, standard deviation, and standard error were calculated for each motion. Only forward bending exhibited good single measurement reliability. Reliability coefficients for all motions were higher for the average of three successive measurements or for the measurement of a motion on successive days by the same rater. Measurements of rotation and straight leg raising, despite the improvement, continued to have low reliability. Analysis of variance was used to determine the significance of the differences between means for each motion across three raters, three repetitions, and two days. By looking at the analysis of variance and reliability estimates together, the authors identified two types of constant error affecting the data.
TL;DR: A counting scheme for determining the reliability of a consecutive-k-out-of-n:F network is developed and an example of such a network, a set of tables, and a comparative example are provided.
Abstract: This paper develops a counting scheme for determining the reliability of a consecutive-k-out-of-n:F network. An example of such a network, a set of tables, and a comparative example are provided.
TL;DR: The approach taken in this paper provides an assessment of the state of affairs found in a compliance‐gaining strategy and determines whether coders can reliably classify messages on the basis of the proposed properties.
Abstract: This paper intends to induce a set of properties that unify and distinguish compliancegaining strategies and to determine whether coders can reliably classify messages on the basis of the proposed properties. The first goal was accomplished by deriving codified strategies from open‐ended responses of subjects to persuasive situations. Properties that reflected differences in the strategies were induced. The second goal had three coders content‐analyze the original responses in terms of the derived properties. Measures of unitizing and coder reliability and content validity were assessed. In addition, information concerning representational validity was presented. The approach taken in this paper provides us with an assessment of the state of affairs found in a compliance‐gaining strategy.
01 Mar 1982
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present and discuss the methods originated from the first-order second-moment approximation that are commonly used in the reliability analysis of structural systems and present an alternative approach for the independent random variables.
TL;DR: In this paper, both expert and novice subjects had difficulty generating complete sets of hypotheses and were overconfident in their subjective judgments of the probabilities of the generated hypotheses in an automobile trouble-shooting inference task.
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: Laterality assessments for 1,966 unselected psychology undergraduates are compared on three questionnaires of tested reliability as discussed by the authors, and performances of the right and left hands of 167 university students are compared.
Abstract: Laterality assessments for 1,966 unselected psychology undergraduates are compared on three questionnaires of tested reliability. Performances of the right and left hands of 167 university students...
01 May 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the pick-any-based approach to data collection and analysis and illustrate examples that support its face validity, reliability, and convergent validity with other multidimensional scaling techniques.
Abstract: The recently developed “pick-any” approach to data collection and analysis is described and illustrated by examples that support its face validity, reliability, and convergent validity with other multidimensional scaling techniques. Some solutions to problems that arise in applying the pick-any procedure are suggested, and potential extensions are proposed for use of the procedure in perceptual mapping applications.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that Krakowski's relevation transform generates the nonhomogeneous Poisson process in an analogous fashion to the way in which Stieltjes convolution generates the renewal process.
Abstract: It is shown that Krakowski's relevation transform generates the nonhomogeneous Poisson process in an analogous fashion to the way in which Stieltjes convolution generates the renewal process. Properties of failure rates and of inter-failure times are discussed and an application to warranty analysis is described.
TL;DR: In this paper, a number of methodological issues in research involving audiovisual (AV) recording and strategies for improving the reliability and validity of AV data have been discussed, and the authors maintain that AV recording should be part of conventional ethnography and that specific features of traditional ethnography must be preserved to cope with the methodological problems of this new technology.
Abstract: In recent years there has been a significant increase in studies of social interaction and language use which involve the collection and analysis of audiovisual (AV) data. This article reviews a number of methodological issues in research involving AV recording and proposes strategies for improving the reliability and validity of AV data. The article maintains that AV recording should be part of conventional ethnography and that specific features of traditional ethnography must be preserved to cope with the methodological problems of this new technology.
TL;DR: The results and discussions documented in this paper should be helpful in the planning and incorporation of wind-electric systems as a component in the generation mixes of the utility systems of the future.
TL;DR: The results show that the reliability measures for both procedures are good with an overall preference for the MFE procedure.
Abstract: Variations in measures of reliability of alternative conjoint data collection procedures are examined empirically. The two most commonly used methods, multiple-factor evaluation (MFE) and two-facto...