Showing papers on "Shadow (psychology) published in 2007"
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, tax morale and countries' institutional quality affect the shadow economy, controlling in a multivariate analysis for a variety of potential factors, finding strong support for the assertion that a higher tax morale, and a higher institutional quality, lead to a smaller shadow economy.
Abstract: This paper analyses how tax morale and countries' institutional quality affect the shadow economy, controlling in a multivariate analysis for a variety of potential factors. The literature strongly emphasizes the quantitative importance of these factors to understand the size and development of the shadow economy. Relatively new data sources that have become available offer an exceptional opportunity to shed more light on a topic that is attracting increasing attention. We find strong support for the assertion that a higher tax morale and a higher institutional quality lead to a smaller shadow economy.
533 citations
TL;DR: It is found that prior history does not directly affect trust; instead, the observed positive relationship between the two is mediated by expectations of continuity, and the conventional use of the transaction cost logic is extended to show how reciprocal investments in asset specificity and uncertainty drive expectations of consistency, and consequently, interorganizational trust.
Abstract: Despite the widespread acceptance of trust as an informal governance institution, our understanding of its origins is nascent. Our review of the literature identified two distinct explanations: trust emerges from either a shadow of the past (i.e. prior history) or a shadow of the future (i.e. expectations of continuity). In this paper we develop and empirically examine a third perspective: the potential interdependence of the shadow of the past and the future as an origin to interorganizational trust. That is, the past and future are necessarily intertwined as origins to trust. Our results strongly endorse this third approach. We find that prior history does not directly affect trust; instead, the observed positive relationship between the two is mediated by expectations of continuity. Consistent with this result, analyses further show that prior history plays a significant role in building trust by strengthening the impact of continuity on trust. That is, a longer prior history actually makes the effect of continuity on trust much stronger than a shorter prior history. We interpret these findings as suggesting: 1) the criticality and centrality of a shadow of the future (i.e. a forward-looking calculus) in generating trust in interorganizational exchanges and 2) a shadow of the past plays a facilitating, albeit indirect role in trust building. Our conceptual model also extends the conventional use of the transaction cost logic to show how reciprocal investments in asset specificity and uncertainty drive expectations of continuity and consequently interorganizational trust. Unexpectedly, we find that prior history has a direct negative effect on trust after specifying the mediating path of continuity. Our moderation analysis indicates when this effect occurs: when weak expectations of continuity exist, trust is lower for exchanges characterized by a longer prior history, suggesting a potential dark-side of over-embedded ties.
426 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the shadow economy for 145 countries, including developing, transition and highly developed OECD economies over 1999 to 2005, was estimated and various estimation methods were discussed and critically evaluated.
Abstract: Estimations of the shadow economies for 145 countries, including developing, transition and highly developed OECD economies over 1999 to 2005 are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (as a percent of "official" GDP) in 2004/05 in 96 developing countries is 36.7%, in 25 transition countries 38.8% and in 21 OECD countries 14.8%. An increased burden of taxation and social security contributions, combined with a labour market regulation are the driving forces of the shadow economy. Furthermore, the results show that the shadow economy reduces corruption in high income countries, but increases corruption in low income countries. Finally, the various estimation methods are discussed and critically evaluated.
415 citations
TL;DR: In the shadow of corporate scandals such as Enron and Worldcom, an increase in attention has been directed towards an approach termed ''servant leadership''. But to date, servant leadership has been disc...
Abstract: In the shadow of corporate scandals such as Enron and Worldcom, an increase in attention has been directed towards an approach termed `servant leadership'. To date, servant leadership has been disc...
281 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed how governance or institutional quality and tax morale affect the shadow economy, using an international country panel and also within country data, using more than 25 proxies that measure governance and institutional quality.
Abstract: This paper analyses how governance or institutional quality and tax morale affect the shadow economy, using an international country panel and also within country data. The literature strongly emphasizes the quantitative importance of these factors to understand the level and changes of shadow economy. However, the limited number of investigations use cross-sectional country data with a relatively small number of observations, and hardly any paper has investigated tax morale and provides evidence using within country data. Using more than 25 proxies that measure governance and institutional quality we find strong support that its increase leads to a smaller shadow economy. Moreover, an increase in tax morale reduces the size of the shadow economy.
277 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the Portuguese Shadow Economy (SE) from 1977 to 2004 was estimated and the statistical relationship between the SE and other economic variables was tested using a series of regression models.
178 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a multiple indicators and multiple causes model based on the latent variable structural theory has been applied to estimate the evolution of the shadow economy in three Mediterranean countries, namely France, Spain and Greece.
Abstract: This paper offers estimations of the evolution of the shadow economy in three Mediterranean countries, namely France, Spain and Greece. A multiple indicators and multiple causes model based on the latent variable structural theory has been applied. As established by Giles (Working paper on monitoring the health of the tax system, 1995), filtered data to solve the non-stationary problems are used. The model includes the tax burden (both as a whole and disaggregated into direct taxes, indirect taxes and social security contributions), a proxy of regulation burden, theu nemployment rate and self-employment as causes of the shadow economy and the GDP growth rate, the labour force participation ratio and the currency ratio as indicators of the underground economy. The results confirm that unemployment, the fiscal burden and self-employment are the main causes of the shadow economy in these countries, and confirm that an inverse relationship exists between the official GDP growth rate and that of the unofficial economy.
160 citations
TL;DR: In the context of left-populism, the authors argue that it is a longstanding tradition shadowing more orthodox socialist approaches, and that the decline of traditional Marxism allows contemporary left populism to adopt a specific post-Cold War form with some parallels and key differences between Europe and Latin America.
Abstract: Left-populism is a phenomenon attracting much attention, particularly in Latin America, but also increasingly in Europe. It is not a wholly new phenomenon; indeed it is a longstanding tradition shadowing more orthodox socialist approaches. However, the decline of traditional Marxism allows contemporary left-populism to adopt a specific post-Cold War form with some parallels and key differences between Europe and Latin America. This new left-populism has the potential to become a major feature of contemporary (left) politics, albeit one often still in the shadow of traditional socialist approaches. Like so many other forms of populism, left-populism has both a progressive and an illiberal ‘dark side’ that depends very much on context and the nature of the populist actor, but it should not be seen as inevitably inimical to democracy.
108 citations
TL;DR: The authors assesses the relationship between institutions, output, and productivity, when official output is corrected for the size of the shadow economy, and find that institutions have a positive impact on official output and total factor productivity, and a negative impact on the underground economy.
Abstract: This paper assesses the relationship between institutions, output, and productivity, when official output is corrected for the size of the shadow economy Our results confirm the usual positive impact of institutional quality on official output and total factor productivity, and its negative impact on the size of the underground economy However, once output is corrected for the shadow economy, the relationship between institutions and output becomes weaker The impact of institutions on total ("corrected") factor productivity even becomes insignificant Differences in corrected output must then be attributed to differences in factor endowments These results survive several tests for robustness
98 citations
Journal Article•
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented the first MIMIC model estimate of the size and development of the shadow economy and of do-it-yourself (DIY) activities in Germany from 1970 to 2005.
Abstract: This paper presents the first MIMIC (multiple indicator multiple causes) model estimate of the size and development of the shadow economy and of do-it-yourself (DIY) activities in Germany from 1970 to 2005. By 2005, they reached a level of about 17% and 4.94%. While the shadow economy has regularly increased over the years, DIY activities - though quite sizeable - have remained more or less constant since the early 1990s. The driving forces for the shadow economy are regulation and tax burden whereas for DIY activities, the level of unemployment is the main factor.
Book•
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The Indivisible Remainder as discussed by the authors is a survey of the two works in which Schelling s speculative audacity reached its peak: his essay on human freedom and his drafts on the Ages of the World.
Abstract: The feature which distinguishes the great works of materialist thought, from Lucretius "De rerum natura "through "Capital "to the writings of Lacan, is their unfinished character: again and again they tackle their chosen problem. Schelling s "Weltalter" drafts belong to this same series, with their repeated attempt at the formulation of the beginning of the world, of the passage from the pre-symbolic pulsation of the Real to the universe of logos. F.W.J. Schelling, the German idealist who for too long dwelled in the shadow of Kant and Hegel, was the first to formulate the post-idealist motifs of finitude, contingency and temporality. His unique work announces Marx s critique of speculative idealism, as well as the properly Freudian notion of drive, of a blind compulsion to repeat which can never be sublated in the ideal medium of language. "The Indivisible Remainder "begins with a detailed examination of the two works in which Schelling s speculative audacity reached its peak: his essay on human freedom and his drafts on the Ages of the World. After reconstituting their line of argumentation, Slavoj i[ek confronts Schelling with Hegel, and concludes by throwing a Schellingian light on some related matters: the consequences of the computerization of daily life for sexual experience; cynicism as today s predominant form of ideology; the epistemological deadlocks of quantum physics. Although the book is packed with examples from politics and popular culture the unmistakable token of i[ek s style from "Speed" and "Groundhog Day" to "Forrest Gump, " it signals a major shift towards a systematic concern with the basic questions of philosophy and the roots of the crisis of our late-capitalist universe, centred around the enigma of modern subjectivity."
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine some consequences of civil wars and emphasize the role hierarchical organization and rents play in determining the severity of conflict, and use a formal model for guidance.
Abstract: Civil wars and conflict can be understood from an economic point of view only if there is incomplete contracting. I examine such settings and first discuss sources of incomplete contracting, from geography and ethnic and social distance to external interventions due to geopolitics or the presence of rents. Yet, since war is destructive, the contending parties might normally be expected to settle in the shadow of war. One reason that sometimes they do not, contrary to conventional wisdom, is because the shadow of the future is too long. Subsequently, using a formal model for guidance I examine some consequences of civil wars and emphasize the role hierarchical organization and rents play in determining the severity of conflict.
Book•
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, a list of abbreviations for the prince may yet come is presented. But they do not discuss the relationship between the prince and the women in his life. And they focus on relationships without a name: Sex and intimacy.
Abstract: List of tables Acknowledgements List of abbreviations 1. Introduction: The prince may yet come 2. 'Consider her palaces': Work, housing and life styles 3. Family standbys: Brothers, sisters, daughters, sons 4. Relations without a name: Sex and intimacy 5. Mad or bad? Parenthood outside marriage 6. 'A world clamouring for motherhood': Adoption and fostering 7. Family romances: Aunts and uncles 8. Interest and emotion: Professional and paid work with children 9. Conclusion: 'Other' lives Appendices Select bibliography of secondary sources Index
Book•
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The Shadow of Race as discussed by the authors explores the origins of ethnicity in the New York Zionist movement and argues that Jewish activists identified as ethnics not as a means of assimilating and becoming white, but rather as a way of defending immigrant difference as distinct from race - rooted in culture rather than body and blood.
Abstract: Race in the United States has long been associated with heredity and inequality while ethnicity has been linked to language and culture "The Shadow of Race" recovers the history of this entrenched distinction and the divisive politics it engenders Victoria Hattam locates the origins of ethnicity in the New York Zionist movement of the early 1900s In a major revision of widely held assumptions, she argues that Jewish activists identified as ethnics not as a means of assimilating and becoming white, but rather as a way of defending immigrant difference as distinct from race - rooted in culture rather than body and blood Eventually, Hattam shows, the Immigration and Naturalization Service and the Census Bureau institutionalized this distinction by classifying Latinos as an ethnic group and not a race But immigration and the resulting population shifts of the last half-century have created a political opening for reimagining the relationship between immigration and race How to do so is the question at hand In the "Shadow of Race" concludes by examining the recent New York and Los Angeles elections and the 2006 immigrant rallies across the country to assess the possibilities of forging a more robust alliance between immigrants and African Americans Such an alliance is needed, Hattam argues, to more effectively redress the persistent inequalities in American life
Book•
30 Aug 2007TL;DR: The crisis of European Union as discussed by the authors, the failed take-off of a new economy, the limits of Euro-Legitimacy, and the role of US Hegemony.
Abstract: The Crisis of European Union. Transatlantic Dimensions. The Failed Take-off of a "New Economy." The Limits of Euro-Legitimacy. In the Shadow of US Hegemony. Conclusion.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the shadow cost of absenteeism varies across firms that operate different technologies, and the estimates are used to calculate the economywide cost of absence, which turns out to be very low.
Abstract: Conventional studies of absenteeism concentrate on labor supply. An equilibrium approach, however, establishes that the shadow cost of absenteeism varies across firms that operate different technologies. Using an unusual employee/employer matched data set from France, which records both individual worker absenteeism and information about technology, we show that firms operating just‐in‐time technology have higher shadow costs of absence than firms that do not. The estimates are used to calculate the economy‐wide cost of absence, which turns out to be very low. (JEL J22, J31, J41) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Book•
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: O'Donnell as mentioned in this paper brings together a collection of significant recent essays in which he considers both the method for and substance of critiques of democracies, while keeping a firm gaze on that dangerous past.
Abstract: Guillermo O'Donnell here brings together a collection of significant recent essays in which he considers both the method for and substance of critiques of democracies. While progress has been made in democratization, the authoritarian legacy hangs as a shadow over that advancement. O'Donnell engages in his analysis while keeping a firm gaze on that dangerous past. O'Donnell's work has influenced a generation of political scientists. The essays in this volume bring forward and develop many of the ideas presented in his earlier collection, Counterpoints: Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democracy "For many years, O'Donnell has explored the various ways in which the democracies of Latin America--many of them new--failed to meet expectations held out for them by citizens, analysts, and political actors. The articles collected here represent some of the very best thinking by an author who remains one of the most creative and insightful political theorists, whose work is deeply grounded in empirical observation, whose ideas are consistently robust, and whose reflections can be both provocative and of great practical use." --Charles D. Kenney, University of Oklahoma
TL;DR: Whitehead M. et al. as discussed by the authors described the architecture of partnerships in the shadow of hierarchy. But their focus was on the relationship between individuals and their communities, not the hierarchy itself.
Abstract: Whitehead M. (2007). The architecture of partnerships: urban communities in the shadow of hierarchy. Policy and Politics, 31 (1), 3-23.
TL;DR: This paper confronts recent arguments that estimates relating to the extent and distribution of domestic violence are either too unreliable due to problems of response and differences in defining ‘violence’ or that those figures produced by feminist research arise from a massaging of the data and, as such, exaggerate the risk.
Abstract: How can violence be both a public anathema and a private common place? In order to explore this question, data from the North London Domestic Violence Survey are revisited and the reasons why men justify violence against women investigated. This is related to Sykes and Matza’s dual notions of the techniques of neutralization and subterranean values indicating the potential of this work in understanding domestic violence. Further, this paper confronts recent arguments that estimates relating to the extent and distribution of domestic violence are either too unreliable due to problems of response and differences in defining ‘violence’ or that those figures produced by feminist research arise from a massaging of the data and, as such, exaggerate the risk.
Book•
18 Oct 2007
TL;DR: Romeropoulos et al. as mentioned in this paper presented a multidisciplinary perspective informed by interviews with numerous academics, researchers, and organizations, and provided the most nuanced portrait yet of this dynamic region.
Abstract: Roving vigilantes, fear-mongering politicians, hysterical pundits, and the looming shadow of a 700-mile-long fence: the U.S.Mexico border is one of the most complex and dynamic areas on the planet today. With more than one million daily crossings, the border has increasingly has become a hotbed for debate. But too often its complexities are viewed through the myopic lens of illegal immigration, ignoring a multitude of other critical issues that include health, the environment, drug trafficking, free trade, and post-9/11 security. "Hyperborder" provides the most nuanced portrait yet of this dynamic region. Author Fernando Romeropresents a multidisciplinary perspective informed by interviews with numerous academics, researchers, and organizations. He begins by examining issues faced by other border regions including those dividing North and South Korea and Israel and Palestine. A brief summary of the U.S.Mexico border's recent history provides a much-needed context for a detailed portrait of the many unique issues the two countries face today. Romero uses current economic, political, social, andenvironmental trends to project potential scenariosboth positive and negativefor the border at the midway mark of the twenty-first century. Provocatively designed in the style of other kinetic large-scale studies like Rem Koolhaas's "Content" and Bruce Mau's "Massive Change, Hyperborder" is an exhaustively researched report from the front lines of the border debate. Nonpartisan in its politics and tackling issues from both U.S. and Mexican perspectives, this book is essential reading for anyone who wishes to understandand find solutions forthe many intertwined issues that define this complex region of the world, and others like it.
Book•
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In "Leading for a Lifetime" as mentioned in this paper, Bennis and Thomas set to find out how era and values shape those who lead, and at the heart of this model are what the authors call "crucibles" - utterly transforming periods of testing from which one can emerge either hopelessly broken or powerfully emboldened to learn and to lead.
Abstract: Today's young leaders grew up in the glow of television and computers; the leaders of their grandparents' generation in the shadow of the Depression and World War II. In "Leading for a Lifetime", Warren Bennis and Robert Thomas set to find out how era and values shape those who lead. At the heart of this model are what the authors call "crucibles" - utterly transforming periods of testing from which one can emerge either hopelessly broken or powerfully emboldened to learn and to lead. Whether losing an election or burying a child, learning from a mentor or mastering a martial art, crucibles force us to decide who we are and what we are capable of.
TL;DR: In this article, the shadow economy in three countries, namely, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), Croatia, and Slovenia, has been studied and it is shown that shadow economy activities have been on average on a downturn since 1994.
Abstract: This paper deals with the labor aspect of the shadow economy in three countries, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), Croatia, and Slovenia. Despite their common pasts, the countries differ in their levels of shadow-economy activity due to different development levels and paths, but there might be some converging patterns in the long run. The labor methods applied provide evidence on the shadow economy in the economies studied. The study shows that BiH suffers the most from the phenomenon of the shadow economy (averaging over 30 percent of the official GDP in the period 1999-2001), which is somewhat anticipated due to its lower level of economic development, higher rates of unemployment, and devastating consequences of war. For Croatia and Slovenia (averaging around 27 and 20 percent in the post-2000 period, respectively), on the other hand, shadow-economy activities have been, on average, on a downturn since 1994. This is in line with expectations, as economic growth and socioeconomic development are believed t...
TL;DR: In this article, a studio workshop exploring the theme of "empathy with the shadow" demonstrates how the arts and groups can be used to heal and transform personal afflictions, and how vulnerabilities and rejected aspects of our personal lives are empathetically embraced as sources of creative energy that suggest approaches to the larger sociopolitical conflicts of the world.
Abstract: A studio workshop exploring the theme of “empathy with the shadow” demonstrates how the arts and groups can be used to heal and transform personal afflictions. Vulnerabilities and rejected aspects of our personal lives are empathetically embraced as sources of creative energy that suggest approaches to the larger sociopolitical conflicts of the world.
Book•
07 Nov 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the influence of corporate legal culture in the shadow of the state and the role of the hired-gun as facilitator in the process of legal reform.
Abstract: Series preface Introduction Part I Legality in the Shadow of the State: Influence through regulatory enforcement: Bargain and bluff: compliance strategy and deterrence in the enforcement of regulation, Keith Hawkins Rational choice, situated action and the social control of organizations, Diane Vaughan Explaining corporate environmental performance: how does regulation matter?, Robert A. Kagan, Neil Gunningham and Dorothy Thornton Influence through social construction: Legal ambiguity and symbolic structures: organizational mediation of civil rights law, Lauren B. Edelman The strength of a weak state: the employment rights revolution and the rise of human resources management divisions, Frank Dobbin and John Sutton The endogeneity of legal regulation: grievance procedures as rational myth, Lauren B. Edelman, Christopher Uggen and Howard S. Erlanger Part II Legality in the Shadow of Organizations: Inter-organizational legal Culture: Non-contractual relations in business: a preliminary study, Stewart Macaulay Professional innovation: corporate lawyers and private lawmaking, Michael J. Powell 1993 The hired gun as facilitator: the case of lawyers in Silicon Valley, Mark C. Suchman and Mia L. Cahill Intra-organizational legal culture: Competing institutions: law, medicine, and family in neonatal intensive care, Carol Heimer Cops, counsel, or entrepreneurs: the shifting roles of lawyers in large business corporations Robert L. Nelson and Laura Beth Nielson Bargaining in the shadow of social institutions: competing discourses and social change in workplace mobilization of civil rights, Catherine R.Albiston Part III Legality in Macro-Historical Perspective: When the haves hold court: speculations on the organizational internalization of law, Lauren B. Edelman and Mark C. Suchman Index.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, tax morale and countries' institutional quality affect the shadow economy, controlling in a multivariate analysis for a variety of potential factors, finding strong support that a higher tax morale, and a higher institutional quality lead to a smaller shadow economy.
Abstract: This paper analyses how tax morale and countries’ institutional quality affect the shadow economy, controlling in a multivariate analysis for a variety of potential factors. The literature strongly emphasizes the quantitative importance of these factors to understand the level and changes of shadow economy. Relatively new available data sources offer the unique opportunity to shed more light in the understanding of a topic that has received an increased attention. We find strong support that a higher tax morale and a higher institutional quality lead to a smaller shadow economy.
Book•
20 Sep 2007
TL;DR: Bouchikhi and Kimberly as discussed by the authors explored the importance of companies knowing who they are, both in relation to their inner-workings and the outside world, and provided a new and provocative point of view of the determinants of organizational identity.
Abstract: “As Emerson said that an institution is the 'extended shadow' of a person, Bouchikhi and Kimberly fluidly blend the personal and enterprise-wide perspectives of professional identity to yield both powerful insights and priceless practical tools. Most management books look at the decision maker or at the decision making context. This important book embraces both while eschewing the cliches of corporate culture guidebooks. Anchored in decades of research, compelling current business sagas, and familiar everyday challenges, The Soul of the Corporation uniquely conveys the inextricably intertwined nature of the symbolic and substantive roles of leadership.”Jeffrey Sonnenfeld, Senior Associate Dean, Lester Crown Professor of Management, Yale School of Management, and coauthor of Firing Back: How Great Leaders Rebound from Career Disasters“In a world of continuous flux and accelerating change, one's sense of identity becomes more crucial than ever for companies, no less than individuals. In The Soul of the Corporation, Bouchikhi and Kimberly take us on a journey into the psychological world of corporate identity and explore the importance of companies knowing who they are, both in relation to their inner-workings and the outside world. This trailblazing book will prove invaluable to management in their quest to define the essence of their corporate identity.”Jeremy Rifkin, President of the Foundation on Economic Trends in Washington, author of The End of Work, The Age of Access, and The Hydrogen Economy“Identity is one of the most fundamental yet least understood determinants of organizational outcomes. Bouchikhi and Kimberly's book provides a fresh and provocative point of view of the determinants of organizational identity as well as research-based insights on how to shift identity over time. This book will be important to both scholars of organizational evolution as well as managers involved in leading change.”Michael Tushman, Paul R. Lawrence Class of 1942 Professor of Business at the Harvard Business School“A strong Identity is a major asset for a firm, as this book so convincingly illustrates. To manage the Identity (the I*Dimension) is perhaps the most critical top leadership function today. The authors show us how to do thisi¾a must read!”Dr. Peter Lorange, IMD President, The Nestle ProfessorUnderstand, Control, and Leverage Your Company's #1 Asset: Its Unique IdentityWe live in a new Age of Identity, in which your employees, customers, investors, and other stakeholders care about who you really are. More than ever, your company's identity will shape the results it can achieve. The Soul of the Corporation will help you clearly understand your company's identity, and then take control of it and leverage it for long-term adaptation and success.Drawing on real-life stories from the world's most prominent companies, the authors show how identity can be an extraordinarily valuable asseti¾and how, if not properly managed, it can become a huge liability. Discover how your firm's identity is related toi¾and different fromi¾its organizational culture, brand positioning, and reputation. Learn how to diagnose and manage the often unconscious shared beliefs that constitute your company's soul...how to face the enormous identity challenges that arise in mergers, alliances, spin-offs, and the creation of new brands...and above all, how to lead and inspire in this new Age of Identity.· Master your company's “I*Dimension”New tools for leveraging identity for competitive advantage· Manage the tensions that shape your company's identityConvergent vs. divergent, internal vs. external, designed vs. emergent, sameness vs. uniqueness· Overcome the dark, dysfunctional side of identityMinimize narcissism, conflict, drift, and fragmentation· Protect what's precious, change what needs to changeManaging identity through M&As, spin-offs, alliances, and unrelenting change