Showing papers on "Similarity (psychology) published in 1976"
TL;DR: "INDSCAL" analyses of data from each of the judgmental tasks indicated that the conceptual space for the interpersonal relations is four-dimensional.
Abstract: Eighty-seven subjects made three kinds of judgments about each of 25 kinds of interpersonal relations (for example, "between supervisor and employee"): (1) direct ratings of similarity between pairs of relations; (2) repeated selections of subsets of relations having some characteristic in common; and (3) ratings of the relations on numerous bipolar scales, "INDSCAL" analyses of data from each of the judgmental tasks indicated that the conceptual space for the interpersonal relations is four-dimensional. The unrotated dimensions were interpreted as "cooperative and friendly vs. competitive and hostile," "equal vs. unequal," "socioemotional and informal vs. task-oriented and formal," and "intense vs. superficial." Different subgroups varied in terms of the weights they implicitly gave to these four dimensions.
77 citations
74 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated the relationship between semantic distance to response latencies in similarity judgments, to reaction times in a same-different classification task, and to proximity of recall in a free recall task.
73 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated the differences in the perceived similarity of reproductions of paintings by the use of multidimensional scaling techniques using the INDSCAL model and found that a group of art-trained students are significantly different from non-art students in terms of their differential weighing of a set of common dimensions.
Abstract: Previous studies have shown that individuals may attend to different dimensions in making an overall judgment of similarity between complex stimuli. The present study investigated the nature of differences in the perceived similarity of reproductions of paintings by the use of multidimensional scaling techniques. Using the INDSCAL model, a group of art-trained students are shown to differ significantly from a group of nonart students in terms of their differential weighing of a set of common dimensions. The same subjects’ preferences are examined in relation to these differences by use of the PREFMAP hierarchy of models. While the simplest (vector) model was found to be appropriate for almost all subjects, large differences in vector direction and average subject ideal-point location are found. Implications for future studies of responses to art are discussed.
71 citations
58 citations
TL;DR: This article investigated the effects of adding adjective modifiers to the nouns constituting metaphorical sentences and found that different patterns of adjective modification influenced constituent phrase similarity, and such differences were consistent with changes in metaphor goodness and interpretability.
Abstract: Previous research has shown that the ease of metaphor interpretation and judgments of metaphor goodness are correlated with the degree of similarity between the two nouns linked in a metaphor This study was designed to investigate the effects of adding adjective modifiers to the nouns constituting metaphorical sentences Four types of associative relationships, between adjectives and nouns were defined It was found that different patterns of adjective modification influenced constituent phrase similarity (eg, the ADJECTIVE-NOUNA is an ADJECTIVE-NOUNB), and such differences were consistent with changes in metaphor goodness and interpretability However, the intercorrelations among these variables were a function of the level of similarity between unmodified constituent nouns With initially similar constituent nouns, the three variables were about equally intercorrelated With initially dissimilar constituent nouns, constituent phrase similarity and metaphor goodness were highly correlated, but interpretability was not predictable from a linear model Results are discussed in terms of a cognitive-feature model of association and metaphor processing
46 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found that female students liked and helped similar more than dissimilar partners and that liking for similar partners correlated positively with subject's self-esteem, but no such relationship existed in the case of a dissimilar partner or between liking and helping.
Abstract: 112 Female students both liked and helped similar more than dissimilar partners. Liking for similar partners correlated positively with subject's self-esteem, but no such relationship existed in the case of a dissimilar partner, or between liking and helping.
42 citations
39 citations
TL;DR: Results indicated that along with amount of disclosure, similarity in the content of the disclosed material and similarity between the subject's and another's level of disclosure had a positive influence on attraction.
Abstract: The relationship between self-disclosure and interpersonal attraction was viewed within the context of theories of social penetration and social exchange. The effects of similarity of disclosure level and similarity in content of disclosure on interpersonal attraction were assessed. Specifically, 24 high-self-disclosing subjects and 24 low-self-disclosing subjects were presented with four bogus inventories manipulated on the variables of agreement in content and amount of disclosure. The reward potential of various factors within the disclosure process were measured by the subject's attraction to these four hypothetical strangers. Results indicated that along with amount of disclosure, similarity in the content of the disclosed material and similarity between the subject's and another's level of disclosure had a positive influence on attraction.
36 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the influence of order of presentation of objects on similarity judgments provided by respondents and concluded that the results obtained by MDS techniques are likely to be biased.
Abstract: Order of presentation of objects might influence the similarity judgments provided by respondents. If so, the results obtained by MDS techniques are likely to be biased. To examine this possibility...
26 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the degree of fit between the two configurations suggests that similarity judgments analysed by multidimensional scaling methods provide useful information about the way in which subjects perceive their environment.
Abstract: Multidimensional scaling configurations were obtained for the same set of 11 stimuli (commercial office foyers) using data from two different judgmental tasks completed by the same group of subjects. The degree of fit between the two configurations suggests that similarity judgments analysed by multidimensional scaling methods provide useful information about the way in which subjects perceive their environment.
TL;DR: In this paper, a mother used time-out for noncompliance and praise for compliance to modify the task completion times of her child, who was present during treatment of his younger sibling.
01 Jun 1976
TL;DR: Auditory similarity, but not visual similarity, was found to be predictive of the probability of a correct response and response confidence for both types of tests, interpreted as support for a single-trace model of recall and recognition performance.
Abstract: The role of auditory and visual factors in short-term recall and recognition performance was evaluated. Auditory similarity, but not visual similarity, was found to be predictive of the probability of a correct response and response confidence for both types of tests. The results were interpreted as support for a single-trace model of recall and recognition performance
TL;DR: The authors attempt to bring the distinctive features and multidimensional scaling approaches to the study of auditory perception to describe the auditory perceptual difficulties of hearing-impaired persons.
Abstract: In the last decade, the study of language perception has been facilitated by the use of distinctive features underlying the phonemic elements. For example, 40 consonant and vowel sounds of English can be described by eight or so binary attributes, such as voiced-unvoiced, nasal-nonnasal, stop-continuant. No one set of features has been agreed on, but a few features seem to appear in most systems. In the quest for consistent and crucial features, subjects of experiments are typically asked to judge the similarity of speech sounds according to certain psychophysical methods, and the judgments are analyzed by various scaling methods. Multidimensional scaling permits an analysis of several perceptual cues employed by the subjects in making their judgments. Noting the inadequacies of presentday speech discrimination testing in describing the auditory perceptual difficulties of hearing-impaired persons, the authors attempt to bring the distinctive features and multidimensional scaling approaches to the study of auditory
TL;DR: In this paper, the dimensions of perceiving other people were compared from two types of data, one representing a person's individual constructs and indexed by two different rating methods (Reptest technique and Similarity Ratings), the other constructs provided by the experimenter, also measured by two methods (Semantic Differential and Personality Differential).
Abstract: .— The dimensions of perceiving other people were compared from two types of data, one representing a person's individual constructs and indexed by two different rating methods (Reptest technique and Similarity Ratings), the other constructs provided by the experimenter, also measured by two methods (Semantic Differential and Personality Differential). Thirty-one female psychology students, rated fifteen role figures by using the four methods. Indices of factorial and cluster similarity of roles showed that the different rating methods yielded highly similar role structures. Each congruent factor and cluster could also be characterized by identical trait properties, but there were also important differences between the methods. Especially family roles formed factors and clusters that were not similar in the four sets of data. The results are discussed within the context of Kelly's personal construct theory.
TL;DR: It was shown that both the proximity and similarity manipulations had the predicted effect, however, the trend in similarity was not linear, as hypothesized, and similarity was found to be a more salient source of dissonance than proximity.
Abstract: In a study to extend the theory of cognitive dissonance into the area of person perception, 108 male freshmen dormitory students were led to believe that they either would or would not be sharing a room in the future with a negative other. They were also informed that they were either low, moderate, or high in similarity to this negative other. The major response measure was the extent to which the negative first impression changed in a more positive direction. A 2 × 3 ANOVA showed that both the proximity and similarity manipulations had the predicted effect. However, the trend in similarity was not linear, as hypothesized. Similarity was also found to be a more salient source of dissonance than proximity.
TL;DR: This study attempted to answer the question of whether faculty and students have the same perceptions of teacher characteristics by having 15 faculty members and 22 undergraduate students perform similarity judgments between each possible pair of 14 teacher types.
Abstract: Summary Both faculty and students are interested in faculty becoming better teachers. But do both students and faculty have the same perceptions of teacher characteristics? The present study attempted to answer this question by having 15 faculty members and 22 undergraduate students perform similarity judgments between each possible pair of 14 teacher types. An individual differences multidimensional scaling analysis and a post hoc analysis indicated that faculty and students had the same perceptions of teacher characteristics.
TL;DR: This study supports the feeling that psychology is still "knocking at the door of science, but getting only a slow answer" as discussed by the authors, which is the feeling of many researchers.
Abstract: This study supports the feeling that psychology is still “knocking at the door of science,” but getting only a slow answer.
TL;DR: This paper examined the relationship between teacher-student attitude similarity and the student's subsequent attraction to the teacher, the lesson and die audio-visual approach Extreme attitudes were given by a videotaped teacher in the context of a social studies lesson.
Abstract: This study examined the relationship between teacher-student attitude similarity and the student's subsequent attraction to the teacher, the lesson and die audio-visual approach Extreme attitudes were given by a videotaped teacher in the context of a social studies lesson Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed a significant positive relationship between attitudinal similarity and short and long term liking for the teacher The effect was not significant for liking of the lesson or liking of the audio visual approach The results are discussed within a classical conditioning model of attraction
04 Aug 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the authors deal with the philosophical concept of similarity, its relation to measurement theory and measurement scales, and their relation to accounting theory, with particular attention to measurement in terms of money and financial reports.
Abstract: The sections of this paper deal in sequence with the philosophical concept of similarity; its relation to measurement theory and measurement scales; and their relation to accounting theory, with particular attention to measurement in terms of money and financial reports. Measurement Is seen as a complex web of similarity relations between numerals, concepts, and real object characteristics. In accounting theory, the difference between price and value Is emphasized. The conclusions are (1) that accounting for values can never be a scientific measurement discipline, and (2) that financial reports should be grounded on events theory with market price emphasis if accounting is to become more nearly a scientific measurement science. ON THE CONCEPT OF SIMILARITY AND SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR ACCOUNTING THEORY The goal of this paper is to aid the cause of logical consistency in accoimting theory through concern for the structure of what is (claimed to be) known rather than for heuristic operations. The precise use of crucial distinctions developed here will reduce conceptual vagueness and enhance logical
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: Analogy may in some circumstances remain quite concealed from direct sense observations and reveal itself only through comparison of conceptual interconnections between the marks of one object with the corresponding connections in the other, so that each illustrates the other.
Abstract: Similarity is partial identity: the characteristics of similar objects are in part identical and in part different. Not a single observable mark of one object need coincide with a mark of the other, and yet the marks of the one may be interrelated in exactly the same way as those of the other. Jevons2 calls analogy a more deep-seated similarity; one might say, an abstract similarity. Analogy may in some circumstances remain quite concealed from direct sense observations and reveal itself only through comparison of conceptual interconnections between the marks of one object with the corresponding connections in the other. Maxwell3 not only defines analogy but also underlines those features of it that are most important for scientific enquiry, when he describes analogy as that partial similarity between the laws in one field and those in another, so that each illustrates the other. However, we shall see that Maxwell’s approach is not different from ours. Hoppe4 regards the concept of analogy as superfluous, since as with similarity in general it is merely a matter of conceptual agreement of certain marks in the objects between which analogy is found. Although this is correct, there are good grounds for taking analogy as a special case of similarity and distinguishing it from the general concept. Above all, it is the enquirer into nature who is driven to this view, since taking notice of analogies greatly furthers his work.
TL;DR: The study strongly suggests that the demand characteristics of sorting tasks make them relatively poor techniques for evaluating cognitive structures in children as compared with similarity tasks.
Abstract: The purpose of the research was to measure the cognitive structures of five and six-year old children using a sorting task commonly employed by Piaget and also using a similarity estimation task. Multidimensional scaling techniques were used to analyze both sets of data. The similarity analysis revealed that 92% of the children had stable, organized cognitive structures for the experimental stimuli while an analysis of the sorting data (for the same students) indicated that only 30% of these children had stable structures. The study strongly suggests that the demand characteristics of sorting tasks make them relatively poor techniques for evaluating cognitive structures in children as compared with similarity tasks.
01 Jan 1976
Abstract: 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in mnual gmçfinng with a Kmajj nyçrjap. If n0C0SS?ry, S@0t!0ning Is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors predicted coalition choices with one of two powerful others by a weak Pachisi player from two scenarios (N # 72 male and female college students) and found that choices were for the more attractive or equally expert player.
Abstract: Summary Coalition choices with one of two powerful others by a “weak” Pachisi player were predicted from two scenarios (N # 72 male and female college students). In one, attitude similarity provided an attraction variable. The weak player was attitudinally similar to one of the others, or they were similar only to each other. In the other scenario, educational status provided an expertise variable. The weak player and one other were college freshmen; the remaining player was a graduate student or in high school. It was found that choices were for the more attractive or equally expert player, but reciprocal choices were not expected. A coalition which would simplify bargaining for winnings was preferred.