Showing papers on "State (polity) published in 1995"

Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation

Abstract: From the Publisher: In recent years, debate on the state's economic role has too often devolved into diatribes against intervention. Peter Evans questions such simplistic views, offering a new vision of why state involvement works in some cases and produces disasters in others. To illustrate, he looks at how state agencies, local entrepreneurs, and transnational corporations shaped the emergence of computer industries in Brazil, India, and Korea during the seventies and eighties. Evans starts with the idea that states vary in the way they are organized and tied to society. In some nations, like Zaire, the state is predatory, ruthlessly extracting and providing nothing of value in return. In others, like Korea, it is developmental, promoting industrial transformation. In still others, like Brazil and India, it is in-between, sometimes helping, sometimes hindering. Evans's years of comparative research on the successes and failures of state involvement in the process of industrialization have here been crafted into a persuasive and entertaining work, which demonstrates that successful state action requires an understanding of its own limits, a realistic relationship to the global economy, and the combination of coherent internal organization and close links to society that Evans calls "embedded autonomy."

States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity

Abstract: Whether in characterizing Catherine MacKinnon's theory of gender as itself pornographic or in identifying liberalism as unable to make good on its promises, this text pursues a central question: how does a sense of woundedness become the basis for a sense of identity? Brown argues that efforts to outlaw hate speech and pornography powerfully legitimize the state: such apparently well-intentioned attempts harm victims further by portraying them as so helpless as to be in continuing need of governmental protection. "Whether one is dealing with the state, the Mafia, parents, pimps, police, or husbands," writes Brown, "the heavy price of institutionalized protection is always a measure of dependence and agreement to abide by the protector's rules." True democracy, she insists, requires sharing power, not regulation by it; freedom, not protection. Refusing any facile identification with one political position or another, Brown applies her argument to a panoply of topics, from the basis of litigiousness in political life to the appearance on the academic Left of themes of revenge and a thwarted will to power. These and other provocations in contemporary political thought and political li

Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance

Abstract: Part I: Introduction 1 Stories of Democracy: Old and New Part II: Analysis: The Formation and Displacement of the Modern State 2 The Emergence of Sovereignty and the Modern State 3 The Development of the Nation--State and the Entrenchment of Democracy 4 The Inter--State System 5 Democracy, the Nation--State and the Global Order I 6 Democracy, the Nation--State and the Global Order II Part III: Reconstruction: Foundations of Democracy 7 Rethinking Democracy 8 Sites of Power, Problems of Democracy 9 Democracy and the Democratic Good Part IV: Elaboration and Advocacy: Cosmopolitan Democracy 10 Political Community and the Cosmopolitan Order 11 Markets, Private Property and Cosmopolitan Democratic Law 12 Cosmopolitan Democracy and the New International Order References and Select Bibliography Index

The Economic Role of Political Institutions: Market-Preserving Federalism and Economic Development

Abstract: Thriving markets require not only an appropriately designed economic system, but a secure political foundation that limits the ability of the state to confiscate wealth. This requires a form of limited government, that is, political institutions that credibly commit the state to honor economic and political rights. This article studies how limited government arose in the developed West, focusing on the critical role of federalism for protecting markets in both England and the United States. Federalism proved fundamental to the impressive economic rise of England in the 18th century and the United States in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The article also shows that federalism underpins the spectacular economic growth in China over the past 15 years. Copyright 1995 by Oxford University Press.

blurred boundaries: the discourse of corruption, the culture of politics, and the imagined state

Abstract: In this article I attempt to do an ethnography of the state by examining the discourses of corruption in contemporary India. I focus on the practices of lower levels of the bureaucracy in a small north Indian town as well as on representations of the state in the mass media. Research on translocal institutions such as “the state” enables us to reflect on the limitations of participant-observation as a technique of fieldwork. The analysis leads me to question Eurocentric distinctions between state and civil society and offers a critique of the conceptualization of “the state” as a monolithic and unitary entity. [the state, public culture, fieldwork, discourse, corruption, India]

Embedded Autonomy

Abstract: From the Publisher: In recent years, debate on the state's economic role has too often devolved into diatribes against intervention. Peter Evans questions such simplistic views, offering a new vision of why state involvement works in some cases and produces disasters in others. To illustrate, he looks at how state agencies, local entrepreneurs, and transnational corporations shaped the emergence of computer industries in Brazil, India, and Korea during the seventies and eighties. Evans starts with the idea that states vary in the way they are organized and tied to society. In some nations, like Zaire, the state is predatory, ruthlessly extracting and providing nothing of value in return. In others, like Korea, it is developmental, promoting industrial transformation. In still others, like Brazil and India, it is in-between, sometimes helping, sometimes hindering. Evans's years of comparative research on the successes and failures of state involvement in the process of industrialization have here been crafted into a persuasive and entertaining work, which demonstrates that successful state action requires an understanding of its own limits, a realistic relationship to the global economy, and the combination of coherent internal organization and close links to society that Evans calls "embedded autonomy."

Bringing transnational relations back in : non-state actors, domestic structures and international institutions

Abstract: Part I. Setting the Agenda: 1. Bringing transnational relations back in: introduction Thomas Risse-Kappen Part II. Case Studies: 2. Transnational relations and the development of European economic and monetary union David R. Cameron 3. 'Bullying' , 'buying', and 'binding': US-Japanese transnational realtions and domestic structures Peter J. Katzenstein, and Yutaka Tsujinaka 4. MNCs and developmentalism: domestic structure as an explanation for East Asian dynamism Cal Clark, and Steve Chan 5. Transnational relations, domestic structures, and security policy in the USSR and Russia Matthew Evangelista 6. Mechanics of change: social movements, transnational coalitions, and the transformation processes in Eastern Europe Patricia Chilton 7. Ivory, conservation, and environmental transnational coalitions Thomas Princen Part III. Conclusions: So What?: 8. Power politics, institutions, and transnational relations Stephen D. Krasner 9. Structures of governance and transnational relations: what have we learned? Index.

Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization

Abstract: This study is a street-level inside account of what Stalinism meant to the masses of ordinary people who lived it Stephen Kotkin was the first American in 45 years to be allowed into Magnitogorsk, a city built in response to Stalin's decision to transform the predominantly agricultural nation into a "country of metal" With unique access to previously untapped archives and interviews, Kotkin forges a vivid and compelling account of the impact of industrialization on a single urban community Kotkin argues that Stalinism offered itself as an opportunity for enlightenment The utopia it proffered, socialism, would be a new civilization based on the repudiation of capitalism The extent to which the citizenry participated in this scheme and the relationship of the state's ambitions to the dreams of ordinary people form the substance of this story Kotkin depicts a whole range of life: from the blast furnace workers who laboured in the enormous iron and steel plant, to the families who struggled with the shortage of housing and services

Territorialization and state power in Thailand

Abstract: Weber and many other theorists have defined the state as a political organization that claims and upholds a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force in a given territory.1 Writers who draw on this Weberian approach have devoted considerable theoretical attention to political organization, legitimacy, and physical coercion in the making of modern states. Until recently, however, the meaning of territory as a key practical aspect of state control has been relatively neglected by many theorists of the sources of state power. Territorial sovereignty defines people's political identities as citizens and forms the basis on which states claim authority over people and the resources within those boundaries.2 More important for our purposes here, modern states have increasingly turned to territorial strategies to control what people can do inside national boundaries. In this article, we aim to outline the emergence of territoriality in state power in Thailand, formerly called Siam. In particular, we examine the use of what we call internal territorialization in establishing control over natural resources and the people who use them.

The Role of the Local State in China's Transitional Economy

Abstract: All states have a role in development, but this varies widely. The spectrum is defined at one end by the laissez faire minimalist state whose role is limited to ensuring a stable and secure environment so that contracts, property rights and other institutions of the market can be honoured. At the opposite end are the centrally planned Leninist states that directly replace the market with bureaucratic allocation and planning. Between these two extremes are the capitalist developmental states of Japan and the East Asian Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) that are neither Communist nor laissez faire, but exhibit characteristics of both. The state plays an activist, rather than a minimalist, role; there is planning, but it is geared toward creating maximum competitive and comparative advantage for manufacturers within a market economy.

War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability

Abstract: We seek to answer the question, What effect does international war participation have on the ability of political leaders to survive in office? We develop a model of political reliability and derive seven related hypotheses from it that anticipate variation in the time a national political leader will survive in office after the onset of a war. Drawing upon a broadly based data set on state involvement in international war between 1816 and 1975, our expectations are tested through censored Weibull regression. Four of the hypotheses are tested, and all are supported by the analysis. We find that those leaders who engage their nation in war subject themselves to a domestic political hazard that threatens the very essence of the office-holding homo politicus, the retention of political power. The hazard is mitigated by longstanding experience for authoritarian elites, an effect that is muted for democratic leaders, while the hazard is militated by defeat and high costs from war for all types of leaders. Additionally, we find that authoritarian leaders are inclined to war longer after they come to power than democratic leaders. Further, democratic leaders select wars with a lower risk of defeat than do their authoritarian counterparts.

Corruption and state politics in Sierra Leone

Abstract: 1. Informal markets and the shadow state: some theoretical issues 2. Colonial rule and the foundations of the shadow state 3. Elite hegemony and the threat of political and economic reform 4. Reining in the informal market: the early Stevens' years, 1968-1973 5. An exchange of services: state power and the diamond business 6. The shadow state and international commerce 7. Foreign firms, economic 'reform' and shadow state power 8. The changing character of African sovereignty.

“Right” Discourse in Citizen Participation: An Evaluative Yardstick

Abstract: The official from the State Department of Environmental Protection locked the door to the County Agricultural Extension Service building and the five of us walked together out into the parking lot. After almost three and one-half hours of heated discussions with citizens in the meeting room, the fresh, cool air of the night was reinvigorating. I was thinking to myself, I’m glad that’s over with! when the DEP official aggressively said, “Well that finishes any chance of our getting a landfill sited in this part of the state for the near future. The participation project was a complete failure. NIMBY strikes again.” Between the lines I thought I heard him say, “Thanks for nothing.”

Simulating Sovereignty: Intervention, the State and Symbolic Exchange

Abstract: 1. Writing the state 2. Examining the sovereignty/intervention boundary 3. Interpretive approaches 4. Concert of Europe interventions in Spain and Naples 5. Wilson administration actions in the Mexican and Bolshevik revolutions 6. United States invasions of Grenada and Panama 7. Symbolic exchange and the state.

Democracy, Power, Genocide, and Mass Murder

Abstract: From 1900 to 1987, state, quasi-state, and stateless groups have killed in democide (genocide, massacres, extrajudicial executions, and the like) nearly 170,000,000 people. Case studies and quantit...

Business Strategy and Cross-Industry Clusters:

Abstract: Although industry clusters are becoming the focus of state economic development policies, most states continue to define clusters in ad hoc ways, often focusing only on clusters of firms in single ...

Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A Comparative and Historical Perspective

Abstract: In a comparative and historical study of the interplay between democratic politics and authoritarian states in South Asia, Ayesha Jalal explains how a shared colonial legacy led to apparently contrasting patterns of political development - democracy in India and authoritarianism in Pakistan and Bangladesh. The analysis shows how, despite differences in form, central political authority in each state came to confront similar threats from regional and linguistic dissidence, religious and sectarian strife, as well as class and caste conflicts. By comparing state structures and political processes, the author evaluates and redefines democracy, citizenship, sovereignty and the nation-state, arguing for a more decentralized governmental structure. This original and provocative study will challenge students and scholars in the field to rethink traditional concepts of democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia.

The fragmentation of Afghanistan : state formation and collapse in the international system

Abstract: Part I The old Regime - State, Society, and Politics: Social Structure under the Old Regime State, Tribe, and the International System: From Gunpowder Empires to the Cold War Rentier State and Rentier Revolutionaries. Part 11: The PDPA in Power: From the Second Cold War to the Collapse of the USSR: Failure of Revolution from Above Under Soviet Occupation: Party, State, and Society, 1980-85 Soviet Withdrawal, Political Retreat: State and Society, 1986-91. Part III: The Islamic Resistance: Mujahidin, Society, and the International System: Origins of the Movement of Jihad International Aid, War, and National Organization International Aid, War, and Local and Regional Organization Mujahidin after Soviet Withdrawal State Collapse after the Cold War: Afghanistan without Foreign Aid Appendix A: Notes on Sources Appendix B: Political Actors in Afghanistan, 1973-1994 Appendix C: Financing Government Expenditure, 1952-88 Notes Glossary Bibliography Index.

State Power, Institutional Change, and the Politics of Privatization in Russia

Abstract: This article reviews recent events in Russia and demonstrates that future progress in developing private property rights will require not only sound economic policies but also more robust state institutions capable of carrying out economic transformation. In January 1992 Russia's first postcommunist government launched a comprehensive economic program to transform the Soviet command system into a market economy. Privatization constituted one of the key components of this program. Two years later, however, privatization in Russia had failed to create real private property rights. By the summer of 1993 insiders had acquired majority shares in two-thirds of Russia's privatized and privatizing firms, state subsidies accounted for 22 percent of Russia's GNP, little if any restructuring had taken place within enterprises, and few market institutions had been created. Progress toward creating private property rights in Russia was impeded by the particular constellation of political institutions in place after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The set of political institutions comprising the first postcommunist Russian state was not capable of either dismantling Soviet institutions governing property rights or creating or supporting new market-based economic institutions regarding private property.

Enterprise and the State in Korea and Taiwan

Abstract: Abstract While huge family-owned conglomerates, the chaebol, have dominated Korean business, smaller guanxiqiye, interlocking family-based firms, have proved equally formidable in Taiwan. In his account of business-state relations, forms of financing, and the organization of trading companies in the two cases, Fields rejects both culturalreductionist and rational choice explanations for differences between the two countries. He offers instead an innovative institutional approach that focuses on the complex linkages between social networks and political power.

The Population Ecology of Gucci Gulch, or the Natural Regulation of Interest Group Numbers in the American States

Abstract: Theory: The theory of population ecology (in contrast to economic theories of groups) is used to predict the number of interest groups in the United States. Hypotheses: Interest-group density is a function of potential constituents, potential government goods and services, the stability of the political system, government age, and government size. Methods: Regression analysis of U.S. state data for interest groups in construction, agriculture, manufacturing, welfare, the environment, and local governments. Results: Interest group density conforms to the predictions based on population ecology (constituents, government goods and services, and political stability), but not those based on economic theories of group mobilization.

Lower-Class Mobilization and Policy Linkage in the U.S. States

Abstract: Theory: Political participation by lower class voters should create pressures for government to respond with supportive policies. Hypotheses: Lower class voting is associated with more generous state welfare policies. Political forces and institutions structure this relationship. Methods: A pooled time series analysis for the 50 U.S. states from 1978 to 1990. Results: We demonstrate an enduring relationship between the degree of mobilization of lower-class voters and the generosity of welfare benefits provided by state governments. This relationship can be vitiated by remarkable political and economic events such as the "new federalism" and the economic recession in the early 1980s. Finally, the importance of lower-class mobilization for redistributive policy is enhanced by the liberalism and competitiveness of state Democratic parties.

Understanding African Politics

Abstract: Generalisation about African politics and political systems is made difficult by the extent to which African states both differ from one another and have changed since independence. This article discusses whether it is nevertheless possible to understand African states as examples of the same political system, as some recent studies have asserted (or assumed). It argues that by comparing the historical patterns of political development in African states, one can identify a limited number of distinct historical paths, starting with the process of decolonisation (where there are two variants). Subsequently divergent paths arose from differing responses to early post‐independence political crises, producing contrasting forms of politics ‐ ‘centralised‐bureaucratic politics’ and ‘spoils politics’ ‐ and corresponding political systems. Further differentiation has arisen systematically from popular responses to the breakdown of these forms, giving rise to populist revolts, state collapse or to democratic challe...

War and the rise of the state : the military foundations of modern politics

Abstract: Examines both civil wars and international conflicts, exploring warfare's effect on states.

Politics in Indonesia: Democracy, Islam and the Ideology of Tolerance

Abstract: Politics in Indonesia describes the attitudes, aspirations and frustrations of the key players in Indonesian politics as they struggle to shape the future. The book focuses on the role of political Islam; Douglas E. Ramage shows that the state has been remarkably successful in maintaining secular political institutions in a predominantly Muslim society. He analyses the way in which political questions are framed with reference to the national ideology, the Pancasila.

The Philadelphian system: sovereignty, arms control, and balance of power in the American states-union, circa 1787–1861

Abstract: A rediscovery of the long-forgotten republican version of liberal political theory has arresting implications for the theory and practice of international relations. Republican liberalism has a theory of security that is superior to realism, because it addresses not only threats of war from other states but also the threat of despotism at home. In this view, a Hobson's choice between anarchy and hierarchy is not necessary because an intermediary structure, here dubbed “negarchy,” is also available. The American Union from 1787 until 1861 is a historical example. This Philadelphian system was not a real state since, for example, the union did not enjoy a monopoly of legitimate violence. Yet neither was it a state system, since the American states lacked sufficient autonomy. While it shared some features with the Westphalian system such as balance of power, it differed fundamentally. Its origins owed something to particular conditions of time and place, and the American Civil War ended this system. Yet close analysis indicates that it may have surprising relevance for the future of contemporary issues such as the European Union and nuclear governance.

Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State

Abstract: Cemal Kafadar offers a much more subtle and complex interpretation of the early Ottoman period than that provided by other historians. His careful analysis of medieval as well as modern historiography from the perspective of a cultural historian demonstrates how ethnic, tribal, linguistic, religious, and political affiliations were all at play in the struggle for power in Anatolia and the Balkans during the late Middle Ages. This highly original look at the rise of the Ottoman empire--the longest-lived political entity in human history--shows the transformation of a tiny frontier enterprise into a centralized imperial state that saw itself as both leader of the world's Muslims and heir to the Eastern Roman Empire.

Hierarchy under anarchy: informal empire and the East German state

Abstract: Contemporary international politics embody a tension between formal equality and de facto inequality. States recognize each other as sovereign equals, yet the strong still push around the weak. Among the structures that reflect this tension are informal empires. The dominant assumptions in mainstream international relations theory, materialism and rationalism, privilege the formal equality of states in informal empires a priori: materialism by assuming that authority relations cannot exist between sovereign states; rationalism by assuming that states are sovereign over their own interests. A constructivist approach allows one to explore the hypothesis that transnational authority structures construct state identities and interests. An empirical analysis of the Soviet-East German relationship supports this hypothesis, which raises questions about the emerging study of international governance.

The Secret History of Gender: Women, Men, and Power in Late Colonial Mexico

Abstract: In this study of gender relations in late colonial Mexico (ca. 1760-1821), Steve Stern analyzes the historical connections between gender, power, and politics in the lives of peasants, Indians, and other marginalized peoples. Through vignettes of everyday life, he challenges assumptions about gender relations and political culture in a patriarchal society. He also reflects on continuity and change between late colonial times and the present and suggests a paradigm for understanding similar struggles over gender rights in Old Regime societies in Europe and the Americas. Stern pursues three major arguments. First, he demonstrates that non-elite women and men developed contending models of legitimate gender authority and that these differences sparked bitter struggles over gender right and obligation. Second, he reveals connections, in language and social dynamics, between disputes over legitimate authority in domestic and familial matters and disputes in the arenas of community and state power. The result is a fresh interpretation of the gendered dynamics of peasant politics, community, and riot. Third, Stern examines regional and ethnocultural variation and finds that his analysis transcends particular locales and ethnic subgroupings within Mexico. The historical arguments and conceptual sweep of Stern's book will inform not only students of Mexico and Latin America but also students of gender in the West and other world regions. |An illustrated history of the hurricanes known to have struck North Carolina from the days of the first European settlers to the present. This edition takes into account the three major storms--Bonnie, Dennis, and Floyd--that have hit North Carolina since the last edition was published in 1998.