Showing papers on "Waste disposal published in 1988"
Book•
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, the Eh-pH diagrams for 75 elements found in the earth's surface environment, including transuranic and other radioactive species, are given and short explanatory texts are added.
Abstract: At last geochemists are offered one comprehensive reference book which gives the Eh-pH diagrams for 75 elements found in the earth's surface environment, including transuranic and other radioactive species. For each of these newly calculated diagrams short explanatory texts are added. For the first time the primary elements are considered in water with metal, sulfur, carbon, and other species as appropriate. Furthermore, based on these figures and up-to-date thermodynamic data presented in this reference, researchers can predict the behavior of elements in the surface environment. Geoscientists, chemists and environmental agencies will also benefit from several brief texts on the importance of various elements to problems of radioactive waste disposal.
1,131 citations
TL;DR: Almost 50 volatile organic compounds were detected and identified in the plume, at concentrations ranging from 10 ng/L to 500 {mu}g/L, by closed-loop stripping and purge-and-trap in conjunction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Abstract: Disposal of secondary sewage effluent by rapid infiltration has produced a plume of contaminated groundwater over 3500 m long near Falmouth, MA. Approximately 50 volatile organic compounds were detected and identified in the plume, at concentrations ranging from 10 ng/L to 500 {mu}g/L, by closed-loop stripping and purge-and-trap in conjunction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The dominant contaminants were di-, tri- and tetrachloroethene, o- and p-dichlorobenzene, C{sub 1} to C{sub 6} alkylbenzenes, 2,6-di-tert-butylbenzoquinone, and several isomers of p-nonylphenol. The chloroethenes and chlorobenzenes had the same general distribution as chloride and boron and appear to be transported with little retardation. Less soluble compounds, such as nonylphenol and di-tert-butylbenzoquinone, appear to be retarded during subsurface transport by sorption processes. Although biodegradation of labile organic compounds occurs near the infiltration beds, many trace compounds, including chlorinated benzenes, alkylbenzenes, and aliphatic hydrocarbons, have persisted for more than 30 years in the aquifer.
137 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: The authors provide managers in business and government with step-by-step guidelines for designing workable conflict management strategies and successfully carrying them through to resolution, using their extensive experience in mediating public disputes involving such issues as mining regulation, waste disposal, and airport expansion.
Abstract: Draws on the authors' extensive experience in mediating public disputes involving such issues as mining regulation, waste disposal, and airport expansion to provide managers in business and government with step-by-step guidelines for designing workable conflict management strategies and successfully carrying them through to resolution.
136 citations
TL;DR: The result for Se indicates that the efficiency of the electrostatic precipitator affects particle vapor-phase fractionation, and appears to be dependent upon the in-stack or filter mass loading.
Abstract: A sampling and analysis procedure is described for determining vapor-phase concentrations of As, Se, Br, I, and Hg in the stack of a coal-fired power plant. The percentages of the total in-stack concentrations for these elements present in the vapor phase are as follows: Br, 98%; Hg, 98%; Se, 59%; As, 0.7-52%; and I, greater than or equal to99%. A lower limit of 99% was obtained for Cl. The vapor-phase concentration of As appears to be dependent upon the in-stack or filter mass loading. This indicates that a vaporization-condensation mechanism may control the vapor-phase concentrations of As. The result for Se indicate that the efficiency of the electrostatic precipitator affects particle vapor-phase fractionation. The results obtained in this study are compared with previous mass balance calculations.
131 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared and contrasted groundwater flow patterns in two deposits of clayey till of different thicknesses, both of which overlie regional aquifers in a flat upland recharge area.
116 citations
Patent•
07 Mar 1988
TL;DR: In this article, a rotary grinder is described including a hopper for receiving waste through a door, which door when closed, provides a fluid tight seal, and a movable waste receptacle is provided beneath the grinder and is locked in place and weighed during the operation.
Abstract: A rotary grinder is described including a hopper for receiving waste through a door, which door when closed, provides a fluid tight seal. A movable waste receptacle is provided beneath the grinder and is locked in place and weighed during the operation of the grinder. An iris diaphragm valve mates with the outlet from the grinder and, when in its open orientation, drops a sleeve into the waste receptacle thereby creating a sealed enclosure for the decontaminated waste material. Cutting blades employed by the grinder are identical and are provided with bearing shoulders which determine the amount of blade exposed when the blades are mounted on rotating arms of the grinder.
108 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a general mathematical programming approach with four stages is proposed to determine the locations of transfer stations in a city with a population over 6 000 000, where the daily average of solid waste to be transferred is around 6 000 tons and disposal areas are at least 30 kilometres away from the metropolitan area.
105 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors elaborate on how to deal with a catastrophic result of the ''greenhouse effect'' -a global warming that could raise the sea level several feet by the end of the century.
Abstract: These papers elaborate on how to deal with a catastrophic result of the ''greenhouse effect'' -- a global warming that could raise the sea level several feet by the end of the century. Topics of discussion include: physical impact of sea level rise, coastal geomorphic responses, climate sensitivity to increasing greenhouse gases and control of erosion. Inundation and salinity intrusion is reviewed, as well as economic analysis and planning for coastal disasters. There is a section which reviews implications for hazardous waste sites and siting in coastal floorplains.
101 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the relative positions of the plumes combined with an historical review of total plant output of RDX and TNT indicate that RDX is much more persistent than TNT.
98 citations
TL;DR: A model used by the City of New York to design a new logistics system to transport municipal sewage sludge from city-operated wastewater treatment plants to a new ocean dumping site 106 miles offshore provides an integrative framework for considering such strategic planning issues as fleet sizing, choice of vessel size, sizing local inventory holding capacities, and analyzing system behavior with and without transshipment.
Abstract: This paper develops a model that is being used by the City of New York to design a new logistics system to transport municipal sewage sludge from city-operated wastewater treatment plants to a new ocean dumping site 106 miles offshore. The model provides an integrative framework for considering such strategic planning issues as fleet sizing, choice of vessel size, sizing local inventory holding capacities, and analyzing system behavior with and without transshipment. A unique feature of the model is that plant visitation frequencies are determined naturally by the characteristics of the problem (vessel size, inventory holding capacities, statistics of sludge production, proximity of other plants), rather than stated as exogeneous constraints. The formulation should be useful in a more general class of depot-to-customer distribution systems, including the distribution of industrial gases. The paper concludes with a description of additional research that is required in refining both the assumptions and the...
92 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a scheme was developed for the determination of oxidation states of plutonium in environmental samples, which involves a combination of solvent extractions and coprecipitation and was tested on solutions with both high-level and trace-level concentrations.
Abstract: A scheme was developed for the determination of oxidation states of plutonium in environmental samples. The method involves a combination of solvent extractions and coprecipitation. It was tested on solutions with both high-level and trace-level concentrations. The scheme was used to determine Pu oxidation states in solutions from solubility experiments in groundwater from a potential nuclear waste disposal site. At steady-state conditions, Pu was found to be soluble predominantly as Pu(V) and Pu(VI).
Book•
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed that reclamation should be carried out during the life of the mine and technology to ameliorate long-term effects should be as self-supporting as possible.
Abstract: Mine tailings and dredged materials are solid wastes, which are produced at single sites in huge quantities. Mine tailings, compared to the more recent environmental implications with dredged materials, have been recognized as problematic materials for a long time. A major part of mineral reserves are in less-developed countries, and a disproportionate fraction of resource development is expected to take place in areas where environmental protection measures may be limited. As a result of this situation: (1) reclamation should be carried out during the life of the mine; (2) technology to ameliorate long-term effects should be as self-supporting as possible; (3) simple, reliable, low-energy techniques for minimizing deleterious effects of mining should be developed. Separate abstracts are processed for 11 chapters in this book for inclusion in the appropriate data base.
TL;DR: A methodology based on fuzzy set theory for the utilization of imprecise data in geostatistics is presented and is applied to the permeability prediction of a soil liner for hazardous waste containment.
Abstract: A methodology based on fuzzy set theory for the utilization of imprecise data in geostatistics is presented. A common problem preventing a broader use of geostatistics has been the insufficient amount of accurate measurement data. In certain cases, additional but uncertain (soft) information is available and can be encoded as subjective probabilities, and then the soft kriging method can be applied (Journel, 1986). In other cases, a fuzzy encoding of soft information may be more realistic and simplify the numerical calculations. Imprecise (fuzzy) spatial information on the possible variogram is integrated into a single variogram which is used in a fuzzy kriging procedure. The overall uncertainty of prediction is represented by the estimation variance and the calculated membership function for each kriged point. The methodology is applied to the permeability prediction of a soil liner for hazardous waste containment. The available number of hard measurement data (20) was not enough for a classical geostatistical analysis. An additional 20 soft data made it possible to prepare kriged contour maps using the fuzzy geostatistical procedure.
Patent•
20 Jul 1988TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a thermal waste disposal plant with pyrolysis, carbonization, and a combustion chamber, which is supplied with the carbonization gas for combustion.
Abstract: Die Anlage zur thermischen Abfallentsorgung umfast einen Pyrolysereaktor (2), eine am Pyrolysereaktor (2) angeschlossene Austragsvorrichtung (3) fur Pyrolysereststoff und Schwelgas, eine Reststofftrennvorrichtung (22) und eine Brennkammer (8), der das Schwelgas zur Verbrennung zugefuhrt wird. The plant for thermal waste disposal includes a pyrolysis reactor (2), one in the pyrolysis reactor (2) connected to discharge device (3) for pyrolysis and carbonization, a residue separator (22) and a combustion chamber (8), which is supplied with the carbonization gas for combustion. Bei der Anlage wird eine besonders umweltfreundliche Aufbereitung des Abfalls vorgenommen. When creating a particularly environmentally friendly treatment of the waste is made. Dh es werden die sich bietenden stofflichen und energetischen Verwendungsmoglichkeiten genutzt, wobei nur eine geringe Restemission gegeben ist. That is, the opportunities offered material and energy uses are used, with only a small residual emission is given. Dazu ist vorgesehen, das der in der Trennvorrichtung (22) abgetrennte feinere Pyrolysereststoff einer Brennkammer (zB 8), insbesondere einer Hochtemperatur-Brennkammer, zugefuhrt wird, wo er verbrannt wird. For this purpose, it is provided that in the separator (22) separated finer pyrolysis residue of a combustion chamber (eg, 8), in particular a high-temperature combustor is supplied, where it is burned. Dazu ist weiter vorgesehen, das diese Brennkammer (zB 8) den zugefuhrten Brennstoff (Reststoff und ggf. das Schwelgas) ausreichend lange auf einem hohen Temperaturniveau von zB uber 1200 °C halt. It is also provided that said combustion chamber (eg 8) (if necessary, the low-temperature carbonization residue and) holds the fuel supplied sufficiently long at a high temperature level of, for example above 1200 ° C. Hierbei zerfallen die eingebrachten und in der Brennkammer (8) erzeugten organischen Schadstoffe.Aus dem Rauchgas abgeschiedener Flugstaub wird uber eine Ruckfuhrleitung (32) in die Brennkammer (zB 8) zuruckgeleitet. Here, the inserted and in the combustion chamber (8) decompose organic Schadstoffe.Aus generated flue gas deposited flue dust is fed via a return line (32) back into the combustion chamber (eg 8). Die besagte Brennkammer (zB 8) ist mit einem Abzug (34) versehen, aus dem schmelzflussige Schlacke entnehmbar ist. Said combustion chamber (eg 8) is provided with a trigger (34) is removed from the molten slag. Die Schlacke liegt nach Abkuhlung, zB in einem Wasserbad (34C), in verglaster Form vor. The slag is present in a water bath (34C), in vitrified form after cooling, for example. In ihr sind Schwermetalle auswasch- und auslaugsicher eingeschlossen. In their heavy metals washout and auslaugsicher included. Die Erfindung ist fur die Entsorgung von Abfallstoffen aller Art geeignet, zB von Hausmull. The invention is suitable for the disposal of waste materials of all kinds, for example from household waste.
TL;DR: The first commercial application of bipolar membrane water-splitting technology is on the recovery and recycling of mixed acids used in stainless steel pickling as discussed by the authors, where the spent acids containing metal fluorides and nitrates, form a hazardous waste that presents a significant disposal problem.
TL;DR: A rapid diagnostic test for the detection of Listeria in food products has been created, which is extremely simple to perform and easy to interpret, and is at least as sensitive and accurate as the best of the culture methods.
Abstract: A rapid diagnostic test for the detection of Listeria in food products has been created. This test, known as Listeria-Tek, uses 2 monoclonal antibodies specific for Listeria in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format. The test requires only 40 h of broth enrichment with no culturing on solid media. It is extremely simple to perform and easy to interpret, and is at least as sensitive and accurate as the best of the culture methods. The test can be used with dairy products, meat products, and environmental samples. The ELISA test is safely performed on the open bench of the laboratory because no live cultures, no radioactivity, no phage, etc., are necessary. There is no need for special licenses or reserved laboratory space, and no waste disposal problems are encountered. If necessary, one technician could easily perform hundreds of assays per day. A printed data sheet is available for permanent records.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate the thermal degradation characteristics of the chloromethanes as pure compounds and within mixtures of varying chlorine content as a function of waste feed composition and fuel/air equivalence ratio.
Abstract: Controlled, high-temperature incineration has been identified as a promising technology for the disposal of hazardous organic wastes. Chlorinated methanes (methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride) are frequently incinerated toxic organics and are simple chlorinated organics, the study of which may provide insight into the chemistry of high-temperature incineration. This paper evaluates the thermal degradation characteristics of the chloromethanes as pure compounds and within mixtures of varying chlorine content as a function of waste feed composition and fuel/air equivalence ratio. Results indicate that the thermal stabilities of the chloromethanes as pure compounds and in mixtures do to correlate with simple molecular parameters, thus illustrating the importance of complex decomposition kinetics (including parent compound re-formation) in determining the relative incinerability of these compounds. An analysis of the formation of products of incomplete combustion (PICs) indicates that the nature and yield of PICs produced are strongly dependent on several factors, including oxygen concentration, temperature, and elemental composition of the waste as well as the molecular composition of the waste feed. This investigation has demonstrated that complex chlorinated organic compounds (e.g., hexachlorobenzene and octachlorostyrene) can be formed from much less complex initial reactants, and components of the feed material may be re-formedmore » after their initial decomposition by reactions involving other feed components. Until a greater mechanistic data base is acquired, predicting emissions of undecomposed feed components and PICs can be best accomplished by laboratory thermal testing of the actual waste stream to be incinerated.« less
TL;DR: The specific activity limits for shallow land waste disposal of all long-lived radionuclides with atomic number less than 88 have been calculated using the 10 CFR 61 methodology as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: The authors of as discussed by the authors suggest that the state of stress in northeastern Ohio is close to the theoretical threshold for failure along favorably oriented, preexisting fractures, which implies that effective stress conditions near the bottom of the two most active disposal wells may be at or near the critical level for incipient failure.
Abstract: On 31 January 1986, at 11:46 EST, an earthquake of m b = 5.0 occurred about 40 km east of Cleveland, Ohio, and about 17 km south of the Perry Nuclear Power Plant. The earthquake was felt over a broad area, including 11 states, the District of Columbia, and parts of Ontario, Canada, caused intensity VI-VII at distances of 15 km, and generated relatively high accelerations (0.18 g) of short duration at the Perry plant. Thirteen aftershocks were detected as of 15 April, with six occurring within the first 8 days. Two of the aftershocks were felt. Magnitudes for the aftershocks ranged from about 0.5 to 2.5. Focal depths for all of the earthquakes ranged from 2 to 6 km. Except for one small earthquake, all of the aftershocks occurred in a very tight cluster with a north-northeast orientation. Focal mechanisms of the aftershocks exhibit predominantly oblique right-slip motion on nearly vertical nodal planes oriented N15° to 45°E, with a nearly horizontal P axis north of east. Three deep waste disposal wells are currently operating within 15 km of the epicentral region and have been responsible for the injection of nearly 1.2 billion liters of fluid at pressures reaching 112 bars above ambient at a nominal depth of 1.8 km. Estimates of stress inferred from commercial hydrofracturing measurements suggest that the state of stress in northeastern Ohio is close to the theoretical threshold for failure along favorably oriented, preexisting fractures. This implies that effective stress conditions near the bottom of the two most active wells may be at or near the critical level for incipient failure. Two and, possibly, three earthquakes have occurred within less than 5 km from the wells since 1983. The relative distance to the main shock epicenter and its aftershocks (about 12 km), the lack of large numbers of small earthquakes typical of many induced sequences, the history of small to moderate earthquakes in the region prior to the initiation of injection, and the attenuation of the pressure field with distance from the injection wells, however, all argue for a “natural” origin for the 1986 earthquakes. In contrast, the proximity to failure conditions at the bottom of the well and the probable spatial association of at least one earthquake suggest that triggering by well activities cannot be precluded.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: These figures suggest that approximately 30 m2 under continuous production could support an astronaut with sufficient protein and about 2800 kcal day-1, and suggest that sufficient food could be produced in the limited areas and with the limited energy that might be available.
Abstract: To assess the cost and area/volume requirements of a farm in a space station or Lunar or Martian base, a few laboratories in the United States, the Soviet Union, France, and Japan are studying optimum controlled environments for the production of selected crops Temperature, light, photoperiod, CO2, humidity, the root-zone environment, and cultivars are the primary factors being manipulated to increase yields and harvest index Our best wheat yields on a time basis (24 g m-2 day-1 of edible biomass) are five times good field yields and twice the world record Similar yields have been obtained in other laboratories with potatoes and lettuce; soybeans are also promising These figures suggest that approximately 30 m2 under continuous production could support an astronaut with sufficient protein and about 2800 kcal day-1 Scientists under Iosif Gitelzon in Krasnoyarsk, Siberia, have lived in a closed system for up to 5 months, producing 80% of their own food Thirty square meters for crops were allotted to each of the two men taking part in the experiment A functional controlled-environment life-support system (CELSS) will require the refined application of several disciplines: controlled-environment agriculture, food preparation, waste disposal, and control-systems technology, to list only the broadest categories It has seemed intuitively evident that ways could be found to prepare food, regenerate plant nutrients from wastes, and even control and integrate several subsystems of a CELSS But could sufficient food be produced in the limited areas and with the limited energy that might be available? Clearly, detailed studies of food production were necessary
TL;DR: The results indicate that future community-based health studies should include medical and psychosocial assessment instruments sufficient to distinguish between changes in health status and effects of resident reporting tendency.
Abstract: A health survey of 2,039 persons in 606 households located near the Stringfellow Hazardous Waste Disposal site, Riverside County, California, and in a reference community was conducted to assess whether rates of adverse health outcomes were elevated among persons living near the site. Data included a household questionnaire, medical records of reported cancers and pregnancies, and birth and death certificates. The study areas appeared similar with respect to mortality, cancer incidence, and pregnancy outcomes. In contrast, rate ratios were greater than 1.5 for 5 of 19 reported diseases, i.e., ear infections, bronchitis, asthma, angina pectoris, and skin rashes. Prevalence odds ratios for 23 symptoms were uniformly greater than 1.0, and 8 symptoms had odds ratios greater than 1.5: blurred vision, pain in ears, daily cough for more than a month, nausea, frequent diarrhea, unsteady when walking, and frequent urination. The apparent broad-based elevation in reported diseases and symptoms may reflect ...
01 Apr 1988
TL;DR: The characterization data obtained to date are described for Approved Testing Material (ATM)-103, which is spent fuel from Assembly D101 of pressurized-water reactor Calvert Cliffs, No. 1 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The characterization data obtained to date are described for Approved Testing Material (ATM)-103, which is spent fuel from Assembly D101 of pressurized-water reactor Calvert Cliffs, No. 1. This report is one in a series being written by the Materials Characterization Center (MCC) at Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) on spent fuel ATMs. The ATMs are receiving extensive examinations to provide a source of well-characterized spent fuel for testing in the US nuclear waste repository program. ATM-103 consists of 176 full-length irradiated fuel rods with rod-average burnups of about 2600 GJ/kgM (30 MWd/kgM) and less than 1% fission gas release. Characterization data include 1) as-fabricated fuel design, irradiation history, and subsequent storage and handling; 2) isotopic gamma scans; 3) fission gas analyses; 4) ceramography of the fuel and metallography of the cladding; 5) special fuels studies involving analytical transmission electron microscopy (AEM); 6) calculated nuclide inventories and radioactivities in the fuel and cladding; and 7) radiochemical analyses of the fuel and cladding. Additional analyses of the fuel are being conducted and will be included in planned revisions of this report. 10 refs., 103 figs., 63 tabs.
Patent•
[...]
27 Dec 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, a waste disposal system (10) which includes a generally rigid support skeleton (20) defining an interior space configured to receive refuse and a flexible, bag-like member (12) supported by, and enclosing therewithin the support skeleton, is described.
Abstract: There is disclosed herein a waste disposal system (10) which includes a generally rigid support skeleton (20) defining an interior space configured to receive refuse and a flexible, bag-like member (12) supported by, and enclosing therewithin the support skeleton (20). The waste disposal system (10) may be advantageously configured to provide a litter box for felines (16) and the like.
TL;DR: In this article, a method is proposed to detect improperly plugged or open abandoned wells in a multiple-aquifer system, and a new analytic solution is derived to calculate the amount of leakage from an abandoned well and the corresponding drawdown at monitoring wells.
Abstract: Deep saline aquifers are being used for disposal of hazardous liquid wastes. A thorough knowledge of the competency of such aquifers and their confining geologic beds in permanently isolating the hazardous substances is the key to successful disposal operations. Characterization of such systems, and in particular the detection of any conduit that may permit hydraulic communication between the host aquifer and nearby freshwater aquifers, must be carried out prior to the initiation of disposal projects. In deep, multi-aquifer systems, leaky faults, abandonded wells, highly conductive fractures, or shear zones may all provide leakage paths. If not initially detected, such conduits may show no apparent effect until contaminants in the freshwater aquifer reach detectable levels at the discharge point. By then, of course, detection is generally too late. This paper is an attempt to address the problem of initial detection of improperly plugged or open abandoned wells. A new analytic solution has been derived to calculate the amount of leakage from an abandoned well and the corresponding drawdown at monitoring wells. A method is proposed that can be used to detect such deep abandoned wells in the area of influence of a proposed deep injection well in a multiple-aquifer system.
01 Apr 1988
TL;DR: An overview of the major concepts of Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) includes an identification of environmental factors, such as gravity levels, light levels, and growth volume, that influence the type of CELSS system that can be developed.
Abstract: An overview of the major concepts of Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) includes an identification of environmental factors, such as gravity levels, light levels, and growth volume, that influence the type of CELSS system that can be developed. Various plant growth systems are described together with their possible space applications. Life support functions performed by plants include food production, atmosphere regeneration, and water purification. Selected relationships between biological and physical-chemical life support techniques are considered as a part of these functions. Consumers in a CELSS may be humans, animals, or microorganisms, but nutritional, water, and atmosphere requirements of humans are emphasized in this report, as they are the primary requirement drivers for a CELSS design. The human role in waste generation is discussed as it affects plant nutrient availability. The role of waste management systems in recovering nutrients for plant growth and requirements for CELSS are defined for air, water, and food. Both physical and a biological nutrient recovery/waste disposal systems are examined. The separate subsystems of a CELSS are identified and discussed. Nutrient recovery, plant irradiation, automation, and facilities equipment and applications are reviewed with special attention to direct solar irradiation using fiber optics. These subsystems, along with other environmental control systems, such as thermal, humidity, and ventilation, are essential to plant growth in the space environment.
Patent•
06 Sep 1988
TL;DR: In this article, a process for electroplating metals in an anode and a cathode has been described, where the cathode is formed by a workpiece to be plated and the anode includes soluble material in the form of the metal to be removed and insoluble material in a proportion selected so that the anodes efficiency equals the cathodes efficiency.
Abstract: A process for electroplating metals in an electroplating bath having an anode and a cathode. The cathode is formed by a workpiece to be plated and the anode includes soluble material in the form of the metal to be plated and insoluble material in a proportion selected so that the anode efficiency equals the cathode efficiency. This avoids metal salt build-up in the bath. Metal salt solution carried out of the bath with the workpiece is recovered and recycled to the bath, avoiding loss of metal to the system and waste disposal problems.
Patent•
23 Nov 1988
TL;DR: In this article, a pipe seal assembly for a poured concrete tank or box in an on-site waste disposal system including a seal member having an inclined inner wiper flange which releasably retains a mandrel, and plug means also mounted within the seal member to prevent ingress of liquid concrete during box formation is presented.
Abstract: A pipe seal assembly for a poured concrete tank or box in an on-site waste disposal system including a seal member having an inclined inner wiper flange which releasably retains a mandrel, and plug means also releasably mounted within the seal member to prevent ingress of liquid concrete during box formation. A spacer member is provided for those instances where the seal member is to be installed in the wall of a relatively thick-walled concrete box. Alternate means for releasably retaining the seal member to the mandrel are disclosed. Additionally, a series of such seal assemblies is disclosed for use in sealably attaching a pipe through a thick poured concrete wall, such as a basement wall.
TL;DR: Aqueous chemical and radioactive wastes discharged since 1952 to unlined ponds and wells at the INEL (Idaho National Engineering Laboratory) have affected water quality in perched ground-water zones and in the Snake River Plain aquifer as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Aqueous chemical and radioactive wastes discharged since 1952 to unlined ponds and wells at the INEL (Idaho National Engineering Laboratory) have affected water quality in perched ground-water zones and in the Snake River Plain aquifer. Routine wastewater disposal was changed from a deep injection well to ponds at the ICPP (Idaho Chemical Processing Plant) in 1984. During 1982-85, tritium concentrations increased in perched ground-water zones under disposal ponds, but cobalt-60 concentrations decreased. In 1985, perched ground water under TRA (Test Reactor Area) disposal ponds contained up to 1770 +- 30 pCi/mL (picocuries per millimeter) of tritium and 0.36 +- 0.05 pCi/mL of cobalt-60. 35 refs., 35 figs., 6 tabs.
TL;DR: In this article, the induced activity of thirty elements which are assumed to compose the fusion reactor first wall and shield has been calculated as a function of the neutron fluence, and the evaluation of the radioactivity was made to criteria for surface dose rate and waste disposal.
Book•
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a model of radionuclide release in a sinkhole and compare it to the one presented in this paper, showing that the latter is more accurate than the former.
Abstract: 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Industrial waste and radioactive waste.- 1.2 Radiation.- 1.3 Radioactivity.- 1.4 Kinds of radioactive waste.- 2 High-level waste: the problem.- 2.1 Generation of high-level waste.- 2.2 Storage, disposal, containment, and isolation.- 2.3 Is immediate disposal necessary?.- 2.4 Amounts and composition of high-level waste.- 3 Strategies for solving the problem.- 3.1 Alternatives for disposal.- 3.2 Requirements for mined geologic disposal.- 3.3 Engineered barriers.- 3.4 Geologic barriers.- 3.5 Retrievability.- 4 Models of radionuclide release.- 4.1 Models and scenarios.- 4.2 Solubility.- 4.3 Sorption.- 4.4 Alternative models.- 5 Critique of disposal models.- 5.1 Questions from a skeptic.- 5.2 Uncertainty in solubilities and retardation factors.- 5.3 Initial oxidizing conditions.- 5.4 Effects of heat.- 5.5 Effects of radiation.- 5.6 Geologic and meteorologic events.- 5.7 Human error and equipment failure.- 5.8 Human intrusion.- 6 The geology of repository sites.- 6.1 General requirements.- 6.2 Crystalline rock in Sweden.- 6.3 Bedded salt in Texas.- 6.4 Tuff in southern Nevada.- 6.5 Summary.- 7 Natural analogs.- 7.1 Uses of analogs.- 7.2 Analogs for canister materials.- 7.3 Analogs for bentonite in backfill.- 7.4 Analogs for the waste form.- 7.5 Analogs for radionuclide movement.- 7.6 Oklo.- 7.7 Discussion.- 8 The subsea-bed option.- 8.1 The ocean as a dumping-ground.- 8.2 Finding a disposal site in the ocean.- 8.3 Techniques of subsea-bed disposal.- 8.4 Problems of subsea-bed disposal.- 8.5 High-level waste: general summary.- 9 Waste that is not high-level.- 9.1 Low-level waste: problems of definition.- 9.2 Low-level waste: problems of disposal.- 9.3 TRU waste.- 9.4 Uranium mill tailings.- 9.5 Low-level waste: summary.- 10 Institutional aspects of waste disposal.- 10.1 The politics of repository siting.- 10.2 National institutional arrangements.- 10.3 International organizations.- 11 Some questions of policy.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Surface storage versus underground disposal.- 11.3 To reprocess or not to reprocess?.- 11.4 Waste isolation: how effective and for how long?.- 11.5 Disposal in the near future versus delay.- 11.6 Is more research needed?.- Further reading.