Fundamentals of Plasmonics.- Electromagnetics of Metals.- Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Metal / Insulator Interfaces.- Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Planar Interfaces.- Imaging Surface Plasmon Polariton Propagation.- Localized Surface Plasmons.- Electromagnetic Surface Modes at Low Frequencies.- Applications.- Plasmon Waveguides.- Transmission of Radiation Through Apertures and Films.- Enhancement of Emissive Processes and Nonlinearities.- Spectroscopy and Sensing.- Metamaterials and Imaging with Surface Plasmon Polaritons.- Concluding Remarks.

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Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications

A new type of metallic electromagnetic structure has been developed that is characterized by having high surface impedance. Although it is made of continuous metal, and conducts dc currents, it does not conduct ac currents within a forbidden frequency band. Unlike normal conductors, this new surface does not support propagating surface waves, and its image currents are not phase reversed. The geometry is analogous to a corrugated metal surface in which the corrugations have been folded up into lumped-circuit elements, and distributed in a two-dimensional lattice. The surface can be described using solid-state band theory concepts, even though the periodicity is much less than the free-space wavelength. This unique material is applicable to a variety of electromagnetic problems, including new kinds of low-profile antennas.

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High-impedance electromagnetic surfaces with a forbidden frequency band

Integropartial differential equations of the linear theory of nonlocal elasticity are reduced to singular partial differential equations for a special class of physically admissible kernels. Solutions are obtained for the screw dislocation and surface waves. Experimental observations and atomic lattice dynamics appear to support the theoretical results very nicely.

On differential equations of nonlocal elasticity and solutions of screw dislocation and surface waves

This feature article highlights work from the authors' laboratories on the synthesis, assembly, reactivity, and optical applications of metallic nanoparticles of nonspherical shape, especially nanorods. The synthesis is a seed-mediated growth procedure, in which metal salts are reduced initially with a strong reducing agent, in water, to produce ∼4 nm seed particles. Subsequent reduction of more metal salt with a weak reducing agent, in the presence of structure-directing additives, leads to the controlled formation of nanorods of specified aspect ratio and can also yield other shapes of nanoparticles (stars, tetrapods, blocks, cubes, etc.). Variations in reaction conditions and crystallographic analysis of gold nanorods have led to insight into the growth mechanism of these materials. Assembly of nanorods can be driven by simple evaporation from solution or by rational design with molecular-scale connectors. Short nanorods appear to be more chemically reactive than long nanorods. Finally, optical applica...

Anisotropic metal nanoparticles: Synthesis, assembly, and optical applications

We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.

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Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems

We study the propagation of a surface acoustic wave of shear horizontal polarization in a system that consists of a thin film of one elastic medium bonded to a semi-infinite substrate of a second elastic medium. The mass density of the medium constituting the thin film is assumed to be a random function of the coordinate defining the direction of propagation of the surface acoustic wave. From an examination of a two-surface-wave Green's function, averaged over the ensemble of realizations of the mass density in the film, we find that the shear horizontal surface acoustic wave is localized along its direction of propagation by the random fluctuations of this mass density, and its localization length is determined.

Localization of shear horizontal surface acoustic waves on a disordered surface

Theory of surface polaritons associated with the extreme anomalous skin effect in normal and superconducting metals

We study a two-dimensional model of the scattering of p- and s-polarized light, emitted by a coated tapered glass fiber, from a metal surface with a topographic or an optical defect. We calculate the intensity of the scattered electromagnetic field at the center of the bottom of the fiber, and the integrated intensity of the field scattered back through the fiber, as it is moved at constant height above the perturbed metal surface. The position and width of surface defects can be determined from these calculations with subwavelength resolution, although the intensities bear no simple relation to the surface scanned.

A Numerical Study of a Model Near-Field Optical Microscope

: This reprint studied numerically the reflection, transmission, and conversion to radiation fields of surface polaritons or radiation fields incident (a) onto the end face of a polariton active medium or (b) from one polariton active medium to another separated by a variable width barrier. This problem was modeled by placing shorting planes above and below the propagation surface to limit to a discrete number the propagating mode. Surface plasmon polaritons are a classic example of electromagnetic waves that are guided by a surface. Additional keywords: wave propagation; electromagnetic waves. (Author).

The Optics of Surface Plasmons

Considerable progress has been made in recent years in the experimental determination of surface phonon dispersion curves for metals by inelastic helium atom scattering [1] and by electron energy loss spectroscopy [2]. Relatively little progress has been made, however, in the first-principles calculation of surface phonon dispersion curves for metals. In the pseudopotential perturbation-theoretic calculations of CALANDRA et al.[3] for alkali metal surfaces, the ground state and response properties of the electronic subsystem were calculated using the infinite-barrier model (IBM) for the electron wave functions. Surface phonon dispersion curves were then calculated from the response function. Although this procedure is relatively simple, it does not provide a self-consistent treatment of the metal surface. In a different approach HO and BOHNEN [4] used the local density approximation (LDA) to density functional theory and the frozen-phonon method to calculate the surface phonon frequencies for Al(110) at a few high symmetry points on the boundary of the surface Brillouin zone. They then employed a force constant model to interpolate between these points and the origin and thus obtain surface phonon dispersion curves. Clearly, such a calculation is a hybrid and not a bona fide first-principles calculation of surface phonon dispersion curves.

A. A. Maradudin

Papers

Localization of shear horizontal surface acoustic waves on a disordered surface

Theory of surface polaritons associated with the extreme anomalous skin effect in normal and superconducting metals

A Numerical Study of a Model Near-Field Optical Microscope

The Optics of Surface Plasmons

Self-Consistent Theory of Surface Phonon Dispersion Curves at the (110) Surface of Aluminum