Fundamentals of Plasmonics.- Electromagnetics of Metals.- Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Metal / Insulator Interfaces.- Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Planar Interfaces.- Imaging Surface Plasmon Polariton Propagation.- Localized Surface Plasmons.- Electromagnetic Surface Modes at Low Frequencies.- Applications.- Plasmon Waveguides.- Transmission of Radiation Through Apertures and Films.- Enhancement of Emissive Processes and Nonlinearities.- Spectroscopy and Sensing.- Metamaterials and Imaging with Surface Plasmon Polaritons.- Concluding Remarks.

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Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications

A new type of metallic electromagnetic structure has been developed that is characterized by having high surface impedance. Although it is made of continuous metal, and conducts dc currents, it does not conduct ac currents within a forbidden frequency band. Unlike normal conductors, this new surface does not support propagating surface waves, and its image currents are not phase reversed. The geometry is analogous to a corrugated metal surface in which the corrugations have been folded up into lumped-circuit elements, and distributed in a two-dimensional lattice. The surface can be described using solid-state band theory concepts, even though the periodicity is much less than the free-space wavelength. This unique material is applicable to a variety of electromagnetic problems, including new kinds of low-profile antennas.

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High-impedance electromagnetic surfaces with a forbidden frequency band

Integropartial differential equations of the linear theory of nonlocal elasticity are reduced to singular partial differential equations for a special class of physically admissible kernels. Solutions are obtained for the screw dislocation and surface waves. Experimental observations and atomic lattice dynamics appear to support the theoretical results very nicely.

On differential equations of nonlocal elasticity and solutions of screw dislocation and surface waves

This feature article highlights work from the authors' laboratories on the synthesis, assembly, reactivity, and optical applications of metallic nanoparticles of nonspherical shape, especially nanorods. The synthesis is a seed-mediated growth procedure, in which metal salts are reduced initially with a strong reducing agent, in water, to produce ∼4 nm seed particles. Subsequent reduction of more metal salt with a weak reducing agent, in the presence of structure-directing additives, leads to the controlled formation of nanorods of specified aspect ratio and can also yield other shapes of nanoparticles (stars, tetrapods, blocks, cubes, etc.). Variations in reaction conditions and crystallographic analysis of gold nanorods have led to insight into the growth mechanism of these materials. Assembly of nanorods can be driven by simple evaporation from solution or by rational design with molecular-scale connectors. Short nanorods appear to be more chemically reactive than long nanorods. Finally, optical applica...

Anisotropic metal nanoparticles: Synthesis, assembly, and optical applications

We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.

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Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems

Elastic waves, polarized in the sagittal plane, are investigated in infinite and semi-infinite superlattices made from alternate layers of two isotropic media. By the use of a transfer-matrix method, we obtain explicit equations for the dispersion of the bulk modes as well as of the surface modes of a semi-infinite superlattice. We present a few illustrations of the theory for Al-W superlattices in which the relative thicknesses of the two media or the thickness of the layer at the surface are varied.

Sagittal elastic waves in infinite and semi-infinite superlattices

Two problems involving the interaction of a volume electromagnetic wave with a randomly rough metal surface are studied. In the first part a recently constructed theory of the resonant nonspecular scattering of light from a randomly rough metal surface is fitted to experimental data in a way that permits the extraction of the two-dimensional Fourier transform g(k∥) of the two-point correlation function of the surface profile function from the experimental results. It is found that the resulting correlation function can have its first maximum away from k∥ = 0 and decays to zero with increasing k∥ in a nonmonotonic fashion. This form for g(k∥) has been obtained in recent, independent, experimental determinations of this function. In the second part the scattering of p-polarized light from a randomly rough grating is studied in a case in which the plane of incidence is normal to the grooves of the grating. A diagrammatic method that self-consistently takes into account the diagrams responsible for localization phenomena in other contexts is used in this analysis. It is shown that the contribution from these diagrams gives rise to an enhanced scattered intensity in the antispecular direction. As a by-product of this calculation, the localization of surface polaritons by surface roughness is demonstrated and their localization length is determined.

Some aspects of light scattering from a randomly rough metal surface

Temperature Dependence of the Width of the Fundamental Lattice-Vibration Absorption Peak in Ionic Crystals. II. Approximate Numerical Results

We compute the frequency dependence of the localization length in a one-dimensional randomly disordered optical system, which on average is periodic, by studying the dependence of the transmissivity on the length of a finite random sample. Specifically, we consider a layered system of dielectric slabs with electromagnetic waves propagating perpendicular to the interfaces and compute the localization length for frequencies of these waves in and around the neighborhood of the band gaps in the photonic band structure of the average periodic system. The localization length is found to be very small in the gaps and much larger in the bands. We also compute the dependence of the localization length in the presence of dissipation (complex dielectric constant) and obtain a simple relationship, for frequencies of the electromagnetic waves in the allowed bands, between the localization length in the nondissipative system, the decay length in the nonrandom periodic system with dissipative terms, and the localization length in the presence of dissipation. For frequencies in the gaps the localization length appears to be insensitive to the presence of dissipation.

A. A. Maradudin

Papers

Sagittal elastic waves in infinite and semi-infinite superlattices

Some aspects of light scattering from a randomly rough metal surface

Temperature Dependence of the Width of the Fundamental Lattice-Vibration Absorption Peak in Ionic Crystals. II. Approximate Numerical Results

Anderson localization in one-dimensional randomly disordered optical systems that are periodic on average.

The attenuation of rayleigh surface waves by surface roughness