다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

Foreword 1. Prosperity Lost 2. The Age of Irresponsibility 3. Redefining Prosperity 4. The Dilemma of Growth 5. The Myth of Decoupling 6. The 'Iron Cage' of Consumerism 7. Keynesianism and the 'Green New Deal' 8. Ecological Macro-Economics 9. Flourishing - within Limits 10. Governance for Prosperity 11. The Transition to a Sustainable Economy 12. A Lasting Prosperity Appendices References Endnotes

Prosperity without growth : economics for a finite planet

Biodiesel is produced by the transesterification of oil triglycerides with methanol or ethanol, in the presence of a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst. This study aims to report the results of the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol to produce biodiesel using CaO nanoparticles supported on NaX zeolite as catalyst. The effect of the CaO nanoparticles concentration on the NaX zeolite surface was studied in the range of 5−25 wt %. The transesterification reaction was carried out at reflux temperature of methanol, atmospheric pressure, a reaction time of 6 h, and with a 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to sunflower oil. Catalyst characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was concluded that methyl esters content is highly influenced by basicity and that the best catalyst was the one holding 16 wt % CaO nanoparticles. The produced biodiesel was 93.5% methyl esters and was found to fulfill the specifications of Europ...

Preparation and Characterization of CaO Nanoparticles/NaX Zeolite Catalysts for the Transesterification of Sunflower Oil

The world is confronted with the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. The indiscriminate extraction and consumption of fossil fuels have led to a reduction in petroleum reserves. Petroleum based fuels are obtained from limited reserves. These finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain region of the world. Therefore, those countries not having these resources are facing a foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of crude petroleum oil. Hence it is necessary to look for alternative fuels, which can be produced from materials available within the country. Although vegetative oils can be fuel for diesel engines, but their high viscosities, low volatilities and poor cold flow properties have led to the investigation of its various derivatives. Among the different possible sources, fatty acid methyl esters, known as Biodiesel fuel derived from triglycerides (vegetable oil and animal fates) by transesterification with methanol, present the promising alternative substitute to diesel fuels and have received the most attention now a day. The main advantages of using Biodiesel are its renewability, better quality exhaust gas emission, its biodegradability and the organic carbon present in it is photosynthetic in origin. It does not contribute to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to the green house effect. This paper reviews the source of production and characterization of vegetable oils and their methyl ester as the substitute of the petroleum fuel and future possibilities of Biodiesel production.

Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: A review

Cellulose saccharification has been shown to be a function of agitation. Here, the effect of agitation by oscillatory mixing in an oscillatory baffled reactor (OBR) has been assessed and contrasted with a stirred tank reactor (STR). After 168 h of saccharification at 200 Wm−3, 91% conversion of the cellulose (∼25 g/L glucose) was observed in the OBR, as against 74% conversion (∼21 g/L glucose) in the STR. At 120 Wm−3 in both systems, the conversion in the OBR was 69% (∼19 g/L glucose) within the first 24 h, and 88% conversion (24 g/L glucose) after 168 h. The STR yielded 55% (15.3 g/L glucose) and 67% (∼18.6 g/L glucose) within the same time scale respectively, differences of 14 and 21% respectively. At equivalent power density of 10 Wm−3, the two reactors exhibited the same mean strain rates of 6.65 s−1, but as the power densities increased the mean strain rates in the STR became significantly higher than that in the OBR. This observation could be partly responsible for the seemingly better saccharificat...

Enzymatic saccharification of cellulose: a study of mixing and agitation in an oscillatory baffled reactor and a stirred tank reactor

This work reports the first known synthesis of α-pinane carbonate from an α-pinene derivative. Pinane carbonate is potentially useful as a monomer for poly(pinane carbonate), which would be a sustainable bio-based polymer. α-Pinene is a major waste product from the pulp and paper industries and the most naturally abundant monoterpene in turpentine oil. α-Pinene is routinely converted to pinene oxide and pinanediol, but no study has yet demonstrated the conversion of pinanediol into α-pinane carbonate. Here, α-pinane carbonate was synthesised via carboxylation of α-pinanediol with dimethyl carbonate under base catalysis using triazabicyclodecene guanidine (TBD). 81.1 ± 2.8% α-pinane carbonate yield was achieved at 98.7% purity. The produced α-pinane carbonate was a white crystalline solid with a melting point of 86 °C. It was characterised using FTIR, NMR, GCMS and a quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer. The FTIR exhibited a C 
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 O peak at 1794 cm−1 confirming the presence of a cyclic carbonate. GCMS showed that the α-pinane carbonate fragments with loss of CO2, forming pinene epoxide. Base hydrolysis of the α-pinane carbonate using NaOH/ethanol/water regenerated the pinanediol with formations of Na2CO3.

/pdf/synthesis-of-cyclic-a-pinane-carbonate-a-potential-monomer-15ch43jz.pdf

Synthesis of cyclic α-pinane carbonate – a potential monomer for bio-based polymers

The demands in terms of plant safety, reliability, efficiency and most importantly size and weight, grow as one moves from onshore locations to the offshore sector. In this chapter the different approaches by companies to offshore development – including down hole and whether processes should be carried out on ships, platforms or even back onshore – will help readers to appreciate the examples given later of intensified unit operations used in such situations.

Application Areas – Offshore Processing

This study investigated the effect of power, carrier gases and moisture content on the removal of benzene in dry air and humidified air in a DBD plasma reactor. The influence of plasma power, carrier gases and humidity on benzene conversion and product selectivity were explored. The main decomposition products were CO, CO2, lower hydrocarbons (C1-C5) and solid residue in the reactor. This study reveals that benzene removal efficiency and the selectivity to CO2 increased with power in both dry and humidified air. In contrast, the selectivity to lower hydrocarbons decreased. The most important finding of this study was that the formation of solid residue in the plasma reactor can be removed in humidified air. As the amount of water vapour increased from 0% to 35% at 20 ℃, the benzene removal efficiency and CO2 selectivity increased; O3 decreased from 7.3 ppm to 0.5 ppm; NOx and solid residue were eliminated. These effects are probably due to OH radicals, and the mechanism for the various effects are proposed. The maximum benzene removal efficiency observed was 93.7%, and the maximum selectivity to CO2 was 82.4% (both at a relative humidity of 35% at 20 ℃ and 10 W). This study demonstrated that plasma-assisted benzene remediation operating in a humid condition can overcome the major drawback of plasma-assisted VOC conversion in the air by eliminating the solid residues in the reactor. 

Decomposition of benzene vapour using non-thermal plasmas: the effect of moisture content on eliminating solid residue

On catalysis and reaction engineering, new reactor designs at a micro scale are desirable, which could guarantee a scale-down of the production of high valuable products, decreasing the reagents needs and the industrial unit space requirements. Thus, a new reactor design should guarantee a good fluid mixing for applications on the manufacture of specialty chemicals but also be able to keep particles suspended, with a high range of densities for several industrial purposes such as combinatorial (homogenous or heterogeneous) and high-throughput screening catalysis. Furthermore, sequential reactions are of frequent use in these kinds of industries and a single reactor volume able to perform different reactions would be very useful. A novel continuous reactor composed of micro scaled tubes and based on oscillatory flow technology is presented as a new solution for those industrial applications. Since the early 1990s, studies have shown that periodically spaced orifice baffles along the length of a tube, with a net flow coupled with a reversing oscillatory component of the correct magnitude, give high fluid mixing and narrow residence time distribution (Brunold

https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/3574/1/SSCHE2003-R13%5b1%5d.pdf

Adam Harvey

Papers

Enzymatic saccharification of cellulose: a study of mixing and agitation in an oscillatory baffled reactor and a stirred tank reactor

Synthesis of cyclic α-pinane carbonate – a potential monomer for bio-based polymers

Application Areas – Offshore Processing

Decomposition of benzene vapour using non-thermal plasmas: the effect of moisture content on eliminating solid residue

Fluid mixing and particle suspension in a novel microreactor