The global burden of cancer continues to increase largely because of the aging and growth of the world population alongside an increasing adoption of cancer-causing behaviors, particularly smoking, in economically developing countries. Based on the GLOBOCAN 2008 estimates, about 12.7 million cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths are estimated to have occurred in 2008; of these, 56% of the cases and 64% of the deaths occurred in the economically developing world. Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among females, accounting for 23% of the total cancer cases and 14% of the cancer deaths. Lung cancer is the leading cancer site in males, comprising 17% of the total new cancer cases and 23% of the total cancer deaths. Breast cancer is now also the leading cause of cancer death among females in economically developing countries, a shift from the previous decade during which the most common cause of cancer death was cervical cancer. Further, the mortality burden for lung cancer among females in developing countries is as high as the burden for cervical cancer, with each accounting for 11% of the total female cancer deaths. Although overall cancer incidence rates in the developing world are half those seen in the developed world in both sexes, the overall cancer mortality rates are generally similar. Cancer survival tends to be poorer in developing countries, most likely because of a combination of a late stage at diagnosis and limited access to timely and standard treatment. A substantial proportion of the worldwide burden of cancer could be prevented through the application of existing cancer control knowledge and by implementing programs for tobacco control, vaccination (for liver and cervical cancers), and early detection and treatment, as well as public health campaigns promoting physical activity and a healthier dietary intake. Clinicians, public health professionals, and policy makers can play an active role in accelerating the application of such interventions globally.

/pdf/global-cancer-statistics-49zjx478re.pdf

Global cancer statistics

Whole-genome association studies (WGAS) bring new computational, as well as analytic, challenges to researchers. Many existing genetic-analysis tools are not designed to handle such large data sets in a convenient manner and do not necessarily exploit the new opportunities that whole-genome data bring. To address these issues, we developed PLINK, an open-source C/C++ WGAS tool set. With PLINK, large data sets comprising hundreds of thousands of markers genotyped for thousands of individuals can be rapidly manipulated and analyzed in their entirety. As well as providing tools to make the basic analytic steps computationally efficient, PLINK also supports some novel approaches to whole-genome data that take advantage of whole-genome coverage. We introduce PLINK and describe the five main domains of function: data management, summary statistics, population stratification, association analysis, and identity-by-descent estimation. In particular, we focus on the estimation and use of identity-by-state and identity-by-descent information in the context of population-based whole-genome studies. This information can be used to detect and correct for population stratification and to identify extended chromosomal segments that are shared identical by descent between very distantly related individuals. Analysis of the patterns of segmental sharing has the potential to map disease loci that contain multiple rare variants in a population-based linkage analysis.

http://ibgwww.colorado.edu/cdrom2009/ScriptsA/purcell/GWAS/boulder_09_plink_intro.pdf

PLINK: A Tool Set for Whole-Genome Association and Population-Based Linkage Analyses

The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.

/pdf/initial-sequencing-and-analysis-of-the-human-genome-5dapk1rsx1.pdf

Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Summary: Research over the last few years has revealed significant haplotype structure in the human genome. The characterization of these patterns, particularly in the context of medical genetic association studies, is becoming a routine research activity. Haploview is a software package that provides computation of linkage disequilibrium statistics and population haplotype patterns from primary genotype data in a visually appealing and interactive interface.

Availability: http://www.broad.mit.edu/mpg/haploview/

Contact: jcbarret@broad.mit.edu

/pdf/haploview-analysis-and-visualization-of-ld-and-haplotype-1p9iyir38a.pdf

Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps

Full Disclosure in Study Design Is Essential

A normal TEE

An adrenal myelolipoma presenting with suspicious features may pose a diagnostic challenge to surgeons and endocrinologists. In this case report of an adult patient with undiagnosed congenital adrenal hyperplasia presenting with bilateral adrenal masses, we review his radiographic and clinical findings which were highly suspicious for adrenal malignancy. Features of adrenal myelolipoma that may resemble malignant lesions are reviewed. This case report highlights important features of adrenal myelolipoma that the surgeon and endocrinologist should be aware of. The importance of avoiding overtreating adrenal myelolipomas presenting as tumors of uncertain malignant potential is crucial.

https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/crie/2022/4044602.pdf

Adrenal Myelolipoma Masquerading as an Adrenal Malignancy

Purpose: Cisatracurium besylate (Nimbex| Injection, Glaxo Wellcome Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC) is an intermediate-acting bis-benzylisoquinolinium neuromuscular blocking drug that is one of the stereoisomers of atracurium. At doses s 8 x ED95, it caused no clinically important cardiovascular side effects or histamine release in healthy patients. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the haemodynamic effects of high doses of cisatracurium in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods: One hundred patients undergoing myocardial revascularization participated in a pilot study (seven patients) and a double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial comparing the haemodynamic effects of cisatracurium with vecuronium at three centres. The patients were anaesthetized using oxygen 100%, with etomidate, fentanyl and a benzodiazepine, and tracheal intubation was facilitated using succinylcholine. After baseline haemodynarnic measurements, the study drug was administered over 5-I0 sec according to group assignment: Group A (pilot) cisatracudum, 0.20 mg'kg -i (4 x EDgs), (n = 7); Group B-cisatracurium, 0.30 mg'kg -t (6 x EDgs), (n = 3 I); Group C-vecuronium, 0.30 mg.kg-' (6 x ED%), (n = 3 I); Group D cisatracurium, 0.40 mg.kg-' (8 x EDgs), (n = 21); Group E-vecuronium, 0.30 mg'kg -I (6 x ED95 ), (n = I0). The haemodynamic measurements were repeated at 2, 5, and I 0 rnin after cisatracurium or vecuronium. Results: Two patients in Group D had >20% decreases in MAR, but only one required therapy for hypotension. The haemodynamic changes from pre- to post-injection in the cisatracurium patients were minimal and similar to patients receiving vecuronium. Conclusions: In patients with coronary artery disease, rapid cisatracurium (4-SxEDgs) boluses and vecuronium (6xED9s) result in minor, clinically insignificant haemodynamic side effects. Objectif : Le bEsylate de cisatracurium (Nimbex| Injection, Glaxo WeUcome Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC) est un rnyorelaxant di-benzylisoquinolinium ~ action intermEdiaire qui est un des st&~.o-isom&es de l'atracurium. En doses de g 8  EDgs, il ne cause pas d'efi'ets secondaJres cardiovasculaires

/pdf/comparison-of-the-car-diovascular-effects-of-cisatracurium-ghff0u8g0n.pdf

David Reich

Papers

Full Disclosure in Study Design Is Essential

A normal TEE

Adrenal Myelolipoma Masquerading as an Adrenal Malignancy

Comparison of the car- diovascular effects of cisatracurium and vecuro- nium in patients with coronary artery disease

Manifestation of Aortic Root Abscess From Acute Bacterial Endocarditis