THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal – A review

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/999493.pdf

New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater

Activation of persulfate (PS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and application for the degradation of emerging contaminants

Landfill leachate treatment: Review and opportunity

The performance of limestone and anthracite coal were evaluated for the removal of pollutants from groundwater. The physical and chemical properties of two filter materials were characterised through X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD analysis showed that the main peaks of calcite (CaCO3) are the predominant phase of limestone, whereas quartz and graphite are the crystalline phase of anthracite coal. The presence of calcium oxide (CaO) as the major composition indicated that limestone demonstrates a good ability for cation exchange. FTIR spectrum analysis showed that the functional groups present on the limestone surface are mostly hydrophilic groups, and anthracite exhibits hydrophobic characteristic. Limestone has the potential to adsorb heavy metal pollutants, whereas anthracite has the capability to adsorb organic pollutants. Therefore, the two filter materials can be used as alternatives to remove pollutants in treating groundwater.

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The Characteristics of Limestone and Anthracite Coal as Filter Media in Treating Pollutants from Groundwater

The use of extracts from Diplazium esculentum leaves as coagulant and coagulant aid has not been discussed in literature. In this research, the capability of extracts from D. esculentum leaves, namely, D. esculentum aqueous (DEaqs) and D. esculentum powder (DEpowd), to act as coagulant aid in combination with polyaluminum chloride (PACl) was evaluated using stabilized leachate from the Kuala Sepetang Landfill Site (KSLS) and the Kulim Landfill Site (KLS) through a Jar test. Identified as polymers with high molecular weight, DEaqs (221 kDa) and DEpowd (275 kDa) act as anionic coagulants and are capable of promoting the coagulation process in leachate saturated with negative particles. The main functional groups that induce the coagulation–flocculation process by DEaqs and DEpowd are carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amine groups, which all contain hydrogen in their molecules. Jar test results were analyzed based on the removal efficiency (RE) of suspended solids (SS), turbidity, colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD),...

Diplazium esculentum leaf extract as coagulant aid in leachate treatment

This paper investigates the potential use of anthracite coal to remove Fe, Mn, UV254, and colour from pre-ozonated groundwater using batch experiment studies. Pre-ozonated groundwater samples were prepared in a laboratory to present the actual characteristics of groundwater samples. General characteristics for anthracite, as well as for groundwater samples, were examined. The influences of anthracite dosage, pH, agitation speed, and contact time on the reduction of tested parameters were discussed. Also, three adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin), as well as kinetics models, were evaluated. Results demonstrated that the maximum removal of Fe (67%) occurred at 100 g of anthracite dosage, and no significant removal of Mn was observed. In addition, anthracite was capable of removing UV254 and colour using a dosage of 100 g. However, the maximum removal efficiency of colour was 76% using the same anthracite dosage of 100 g. The optimum shaking speed of 300 rpm resulted in the maximum removal efficiency of all parameters. The optimum pH was 7, which resulted in the maximum removal efficiency of Fe (40%), Mn (7%), UV254 (43%), and colour (50%). The optimum contact time was 90 min for all parameters with a dosage of 100 g which resulted in the removal efficiency of 54%, 52%, and 70% for Fe, Mn, UV254, and colour. The adsorption and kinetics models were well fitted with the experimental results. Overall, this study demonstrated that anthracite could be a good practical option for groundwater treatment. The strong iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) concentrations; is one of the big groundwater issues, causing reddish and blackish in the groundwater. Batch experimental works have been undertaken to investigate the applicability of anthracite as an alternative adsorbent to remove Fe, Mn, UV254, and colour from pre-ozonated groundwater. The application of ozone alone was less effective to remove these pollutants. At the optimum pH value of 7 and 90 minutes of contact time, the adsorption and kinetics models were fit well with the experimental results. The study demonstrated that ozonation with anthracite could be a good practical option for groundwater treatment.

Effectiveness of Fe, Mn, UV254 and Colour Removal from Pre-ozonated Groundwater Using Anthracite Coal

Rice straw can be used in the production of energy or organic fertilizer. However, one of the main problems in the transformation of rice straw is its low-biodegradability. This study reports a comparison on the effectiveness of the Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) pre-treatment methods on the enhancement of rice straw solubilization to increase its biodegradability. Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out in reflux completely mixed reactors of 500 mL capacity. The Response Surface Method (RSM) was used to optimize experimental conditions. The respective optimum conditions determined from RSM for NaOH and KOH were as follows: concentration of 29.99 and 30 g/L, reaction time of 165.7 and 151.23 min, and temperature of 164.37 and 200°C. The actual and predicted results are clearly indicated that the solubility of rice straw is significantly increased under NaOH pretreatment in comparison with KOH. The actual results of solubility of rice straw under optimum conditions are compared well with the maximum predicted values.

Evaluation of significant parameters on alkaline pretreatment process of rice straw

Landfill leachate is well known as a hazardous byproduct from dumpling sites that has a negative impact on the environment and human life. Therefore, an effective treatment is imperative to overcome this issue. This research study investigates the effectiveness of zirconium tetrachloride (ZrCl4) and tin tetrachloride (SnCl4) as a coagulant in leachate treatment. Two parameters selected as a performance indicator in this study are color and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The data obtained showed that SnCl4 performed well as a coagulant with removal percentages of color and COD, which are 97% and 77%, respectively. Furthermore, the potential of integrated treatment using ozonation (O3) and the coagulation‐flocculation process was also investigated. Four sequences of integrated treatment setup for this study were ozonation followed by jar test (ZrCl4 as a coagulant), ozonation followed by jar test (SnCl4 as a coagulant), jar test (ZrCl4 as a coagulant) followed by the ozonation process, and jar test (SnCl4 as a coagulant) followed by the ozonation process. The experimental data showed that the combination treatment of SnCl4 as a coagulant (jar test) followed by the ozonation process had recorded the highest removal of color (97.1%) and COD (88%) compared to other sequences. Moreover, the biodegradability ratio of this sequence also improved from 0.03 to 0.28, compared with other methods. Comparatively, integrated treatment is more effective in treating stabilized landfill leachate compared to the coagulation flocculation process alone.

Hamidi Abdul Aziz

Papers

The Characteristics of Limestone and Anthracite Coal as Filter Media in Treating Pollutants from Groundwater

Diplazium esculentum leaf extract as coagulant aid in leachate treatment

Effectiveness of Fe, Mn, UV254 and Colour Removal from Pre-ozonated Groundwater Using Anthracite Coal

Evaluation of significant parameters on alkaline pretreatment process of rice straw

Comparison performance of coagulation flocculation process and combination with ozonation process of stabilized landfill leachate treatment