THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal – A review

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/999493.pdf

New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater

Activation of persulfate (PS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and application for the degradation of emerging contaminants

Landfill leachate treatment: Review and opportunity

A municipal solid waste produced in urban and rural communities is a serious pollution source of water resource in developing country. One of the main problem in treatment of organic solid waste is its non-readily biodegradability due to the complexity of organic material especially hemicellolluse. This study reports Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) thermochemical pretreatment of rice straw as a indicators of cellulosic compound to enhance its biodegradability. Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out in completely mixed reactors, 500 ml capacity. In order to optimization of hydrolysis of rice straw, Response Surface Method (RSM) based on three factors and one response design was performed to optimize experimental conditions. The effects of reaction parameters including sodium hydroxide concentration (0-30 g/l), reaction time (10-180 min) and temperature (30-200 oC) were evaluated. The optimum conditions resulted by RSM were: NaOH concentration 29.9 g/l, reaction time 133.1 min. and temperature 157.6 oC. The actual experimental soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) of rice straw soluble was 41200 mg/l under optimum condition, which compared well to the maximum predicted value of 41211 mg/l.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00607962/document

Optimization of NaOH thermo-chemical pre-treatment for enhancing solubilisation of rice straw by Response Surface Methodology

The environmental fate of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the urban water cycle is still uncertain and their status is mainly assessed based on specific water components and information on human risk assessments. This study (a) explores the environmental fate of NSAIDs (ibuprofen, IBU; naproxen, NAP; ketoprofen, KET; diazepam, DIA; and diclofenac, DIC) in the urban water cycle, including wastewater, river, and treated water via gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GCMS), (b) assesses the efficiency of reducing the targeted NSAIDs in sewage treatment plant (STP) using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and (c) evaluates the ecological risk assessment of these drugs in the urban water cycle via teratogenic index (TI) and risk quotient (RQ). The primary receptor of contaminants comes from urban areas, as a high concentration of NSAIDs is detected (ranging from 5.87 × 103 to 7.18 × 104 ng/L). The percentage of NSAIDs removal in STP ranged from 25.6% to 92.3%. The NAP and KET were still detected at trace levels in treated water, indicating the persistent presence in the water cycle. The TI values for NAP and DIA (influent and effluent) were more than 1, showing a risk of a teratogenic effect. The IBU, KET, and DIC had values of less than 1, indicating the risk of lethal embryo effects. The NAP and DIA can be classified as Human Pregnancy Category C (2.1 > TI ≥ 0.76). This work proved that these drugs exist in the current urban water cycle, which could induce adverse effects on humans and the environment (RQ in high and low-risk categories). Therefore, they should be minimized, if not eliminated, from the primary sources of the pollutant (i.e., STPs). These pollutants should be considered a priority to be monitored, given focus to, and listed in the guideline due to their persistent presence in the urban water cycle.

Determination and risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in the urban water cycle in Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Modeling and simulation of batch adsorption of the organic dye methylene blue (MB) by modified metal-organic framework-5 (MOF-5) were investigated. The reported data on the adsorption of MB dye onto Wells-Dawson acids (H6P2W18O62)-immobilized MOF-5 were employed. The film-pore diffusion model was developed based on external mass transfer coefficient and pore diffusion coefficient that govern the mass transfer process in batch organic dye adsorption. Applying the estimated parameters, the MB adsorption by using modified MOF-5 was examined to evaluate the effects of MOF-5 modification, initial dye concentration, temperature, and the dosage of adsorbent. The adsorption capacity of modified MOF-5 (H6P2W18O62/MOF-5) was higher than pure MOF-5. Besides, a lower initial MB dye concentration, higher temperature, and lower adsorbent dosage resulted in higher MB dye adsorption capacity. 

Modeling of Batch Organic Dye Adsorption Using Modified Metal‐Organic Framework‐5 (MOF‐5)

Leachate pollution is one of the main problems in landfilling, and researchers have yet to find an effective solution to this problem. The technology that can be used may differ based on the type of leachate produced. In Malaysia, the most problematic pollutants in semi-aerobic (stabilized) leachate are chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen, and color. In the present study, the performance of ozone/Fenton in advanced oxidation process in removing these pollutants was investigated. The optimal dosages of Fenton reagent (0.05 mol L-1 (1,700 mg/L) H2O2 and 0.05 mol L-1 (2,800 mg/L) Fe2+) were determined through preliminary experiments and added to the leachate sample into the ozone reactor. The input ozone concentration in a 2 L leachate sample was 80 g/m3NTP ± 0.5% under 1 bar pressure. The initial COD varied between 250 and 2360 mg/L, color varied between 470 Pt. Co. to 4530 Pt. Co., and NH3-N varied between 150 mg/L to 1170 mg/L. Accordingly, the maximum removal efficiency was 87% for COD, 100% for color, and 22% for NH3-N at lowest leachate concentration. The lowest amount of consumed ozone (1.28 KgO3/ Kg COD) corresponds to the initial concentration of COD (2000 mg/L) with 60% removal of COD during 1 h ozonation. Moreover, the biodegradability (BOD5/COD) ratio improved from 0.09 in raw leachate to 0.27 at 500 mg/L initial COD. The current study revealed that the use of ozone/Fenton (O3/H2O2/Fe2+) in advanced oxidation process is more efficient in removing COD and color in low concentrations of semi-aerobic stabilized leachate and in improving biodegradability.

Performance of Ozone/Fenton in the Advanced Oxidation Process of Semi-Aerobic Landfill Leachate

This study examined the applicability of oil palm frond-activated carbon (OPF-AC) as adsorbent in the treatment of landfill leachate. OPF-AC was prepared by mixing granular OPF with an aqueous solution composed of distilled water and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) at different ratios. Batch experiment studies were carried out to investigate the optimum OPF-AC dosage as well as the optimum shaking time. The optimum condition was achieved at 1.2 g of OPF-AC dosage and 50 minutes of shaking time. The highest removals of COD, color and Fe (77%, 75% and 69%, respectively) were obtained at the optimum condition. Meanwhile, the adsorption capacities were 146.93 mg/g (COD), 56.43 mg/g (color) and 0.11 mg/g (Fe). The increase in adsorbent dosage also resulted in a larger free surface area and exchangeable binding sites. However, the unsaturation of adsorption sites during the adsorption process resulted in a slight drop in removal efficiency of COD, color, and Fe. Furthermore, due to the aggregation and overcrowding of adsorbent particles, the use of a greater amount of adsorbent dosage imposed particle interactions.Â

Hamidi Abdul Aziz

Papers

Optimization of NaOH thermo-chemical pre-treatment for enhancing solubilisation of rice straw by Response Surface Methodology

Determination and risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in the urban water cycle in Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Modeling of Batch Organic Dye Adsorption Using Modified Metal‐Organic Framework‐5 (MOF‐5)

Performance of Ozone/Fenton in the Advanced Oxidation Process of Semi-Aerobic Landfill Leachate

Effectiveness of Oil Palm Frond Activated Carbon for Removing COD, Color and Fe from Landfill Leachate