There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

The lithium metal battery is strongly considered to be one of the most promising candidates for high-energy-density energy storage devices in our modern and technology-based society. However, uncontrollable lithium dendrite growth induces poor cycling efficiency and severe safety concerns, dragging lithium metal batteries out of practical applications. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the lithium metal anode and its dendritic lithium growth. First, the working principles and technical challenges of a lithium metal anode are underscored. Specific attention is paid to the mechanistic understandings and quantitative models for solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, lithium dendrite nucleation, and growth. On the basis of previous theoretical understanding and analysis, recently proposed strategies to suppress dendrite growth of lithium metal anode and some other metal anodes are reviewed. A section dedicated to the potential of full-cell lithium metal batteries for practical applicatio...

Toward Safe Lithium Metal Anode in Rechargeable Batteries: A Review.

The author's preface gives an outline: "This book is about weakconvergence methods in metric spaces, with applications sufficient to show their power and utility. The Introduction motivates the definitions and indicates how the theory will yield solutions to problems arising outside it. Chapter 1 sets out the basic general theorems, which are then specialized in Chapter 2 to the space C[0, l ] of continuous functions on the unit interval and in Chapter 3 to the space D [0, 1 ] of functions with discontinuities of the first kind. The results of the first three chapters are used in Chapter 4 to derive a variety of limit theorems for dependent sequences of random variables. " The book develops and expands on Donsker's 1951 and 1952 papers on the invariance principle and empirical distributions. The basic random variables remain real-valued although, of course, measures on C[0, l ] and D[0, l ] are vitally used. Within this framework, there are various possibilities for a different and apparently better treatment of the material. More of the general theory of weak convergence of probabilities on separable metric spaces would be useful. Metrizability of the convergence is not brought up until late in the Appendix. The close relation of the Prokhorov metric and a metric for convergence in probability is (hence) not mentioned (see V. Strassen, Ann. Math. Statist. 36 (1965), 423-439; the reviewer, ibid. 39 (1968), 1563-1572). This relation would illuminate and organize such results as Theorems 4.1, 4.2 and 4.4 which give isolated, ad hoc connections between weak convergence of measures and nearness in probability. In the middle of p. 16, it should be noted that C*(S) consists of signed measures which need only be finitely additive if 5 is not compact. On p. 239, where the author twice speaks of separable subsets having nonmeasurable cardinal, he means "discrete" rather than "separable." Theorem 1.4 is Ulam's theorem that a Borel probability on a complete separable metric space is tight. Theorem 1 of Appendix 3 weakens completeness to topological completeness. After mentioning that probabilities on the rationals are tight, the author says it is an

Convergence of probability measures

Naphthalenesulfonamides such as N-(6-amino-hexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W-7) are potent calmodulin (CaM) antagonists and act upon several protein kinases at higher concentration. When the naphthalene ring was replaced by isoquinoline, the derivatives were no longer CaM antagonists but retained the ability to inhibit protein kinases, and some of the derivatives exhibited selective inhibition toward a certain protein kinase. cAMP-dependent, cGMP-dependent, and Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent (protein kinase C) protein kinases were inhibited significantly by addition of 10(-6) M N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinoline-sulfonamide (H-8) and 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7). H-8 was the most active of the inhibitors in this series and inhibited more markedly cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinases, than other kinases, while the derivative with the sulfonylpiperazine residue (H-7) was the most potent in inhibiting protein kinase C. Apparent Ki values of H-8 were 0.48 and 1.2 microM for cGMP-dependent and cAMP-dependent protein kinases, respectively, and the Ki value of H-7 for protein kinase C was 6 microM. Both the holoenzyme and the catalytic subunit (or fragment), which is active without an enzyme activator, are susceptible to these compounds with a similar concentration dependency, thereby indicating that the inhibitory effect is attributed to the direct interaction of the compound with the active center of the enzyme but not with the enzyme activator. The inhibitions were freely reversible and of the competitive type with respect to ATP and of the noncompetitive type with respect to the phosphate acceptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Isoquinolinesulfonamides, novel and potent inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C.

Metal Oxides and Oxysalts as Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries

Spectrophotometric binding studies of a series of the naphthalene diimide derivatives, 1-7, carrying different chains with a human telomere oligonucleotide, d(TTAGG)(4) was carried out in 0.1 M AcOK-AcOH buffer (pH 5.6) and 0.1 M KCl. Under this condition, this DNA could exist as the mixture of two-type tetraplex structures and these derivatives could bind to this DNA with strong affinity of 10(6) M(-1). The effect of the linker chain is not so large in those binding affinity, but the ligand 5 having piperazine skeleton in the linker chain had relative higher affinity for this tetraplex DNA than other derivatives. Large hypochromic effect of these derivatives upon binding to the tetraplex DNA suggested that the binding mode of these derivatives might contribute the stacking interaction between the naphthalene diimide and guanine tetraplex planes.

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Linker chain effect of ferrocenylnaphthalene diimide derivatives on a tetraplex DNA binding.

Provided are a vehicle controlling device and method wherein the operation of a clutch mechanism is controlled according to the traveling state or the stopped state of a vehicle at the time an engine is stopped for the vehicle that comprises a transmission path that includes a stepped transmission unit, a transmission path that includes a continuously variable transmission unit and is provided parallel to the stepped transmission unit, and the clutch mechanism for switching the transmission path. The vehicle controlling device comprising, between an input shaft and an output shaft, the continuously variable transmission unit that continuously changes the gear ratio, the stepped transmission unit that is provided in parallel with the continuously variable transmission unit and that can set a gear ratio that cannot be set with the continuously variable transmission unit, and a clutch mechanism that is provided in the torque transmission path between the stepped transmission unit and a drive wheel, is configured so that the clutch mechanism is released when the vehicle speed is at a prescribed value or higher and the engine is stopped.

Vehicle controlling device and method

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a vehicle transmission including a continuously variable transmission mechanism and a driving mechanism provided in parallel between an input rotation member and an output rotation member, capable of improving fuel economy and power performance by appropriately controlling the continuously variable transmission mechanism during idle running.SOLUTION: If a line pressure Pl is dominated (determined) by at least one hydraulic pressure out of a primary pressure Pin and a second pressure Pout during idle running of a continuously variable transmission 24, a fuel economy improvement effect is obtained by reducing a hydraulic pressure acting on a pulley on which the hydraulic pressure higher than a clutch pressure Pc1 acts. On the other hand, if the line pressure Pl is dominated by the clutch pressure Pc1 during the idle running of the continuously variable transmission 24, a change gear ratio γ of the continuously variable transmission 24 is controlled to a maximum gear reduction ratio γmax to make input-shaft equivalent inertial Iin small, so that input-shaft inertia loss Tli due to a rotation fluctuation of an input shaft 22 is reduced to make it possible to improve the power performance of a vehicle 10.

Vehicle transmission control unit

An adamantyl naphthalene diimide derivative (AND) was synthesized as a highly selective double stranded DNA binding reagent The binding studies with sonicated calf thymus DNA revealed that AND can bind to double stranded DNA by the threading mode, where the two adamantyl moieties are located in the major and minor grooves of DNA duplex separately. In the presence of p-cydodextrin (P-CD), the complex of AND with DNA duplex was stabilized by capping of the adamantyl moieties of AND by P-CD. In other words, P-CD serves as a stabilizer for the complex of AND with DNA duplex to result in an enhanced selectivity of AND for double stranded DNA over single stranded DNA.

Synthesis of adamantyl naphthalene diimide and its interaction with double stranded DNA.

A catalyst to electrochemically decompose lithium fluoride (LiF), which is abound in the electrode of the spent LiBs, was studied to develop a Li reproduction technology. Since the oxidizing activity of halogen I₂, Br₂, Cl₂, or F₂, increases, the reaction I₂ + 2LiF → F₂ + 2LiI cannot proceed. We examined the catalytic activity of interhalogens such as iodine monobromide (IBr) and iodine chloride (ICl) for LiF decomposition in specific organic solvents. We observed the chemical decomposition of LiF in IBr and ICl dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions. This decomposition was induced by an increase in solution acidity, accompanied by a large deviation in the electric charge between two halogen elements due to the complex formation of interhalogen with DMSO. A double-chamber-type cell for Li recovery from LiF was constructed by combining this LiF decomposition behavior with redox coupling of IBr or ICl operated by electrical charging. The cell was first demonstrated to be chargeable due to the continuous decomposition of LiF.

Hiroki Kondo

Papers

Linker chain effect of ferrocenylnaphthalene diimide derivatives on a tetraplex DNA binding.

Vehicle controlling device and method

Vehicle transmission control unit

Synthesis of adamantyl naphthalene diimide and its interaction with double stranded DNA.

Mediator Catalyst for Lithium Fluoride Decomposition for Lithium Recovery