There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

The lithium metal battery is strongly considered to be one of the most promising candidates for high-energy-density energy storage devices in our modern and technology-based society. However, uncontrollable lithium dendrite growth induces poor cycling efficiency and severe safety concerns, dragging lithium metal batteries out of practical applications. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the lithium metal anode and its dendritic lithium growth. First, the working principles and technical challenges of a lithium metal anode are underscored. Specific attention is paid to the mechanistic understandings and quantitative models for solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, lithium dendrite nucleation, and growth. On the basis of previous theoretical understanding and analysis, recently proposed strategies to suppress dendrite growth of lithium metal anode and some other metal anodes are reviewed. A section dedicated to the potential of full-cell lithium metal batteries for practical applicatio...

Toward Safe Lithium Metal Anode in Rechargeable Batteries: A Review.

The author's preface gives an outline: "This book is about weakconvergence methods in metric spaces, with applications sufficient to show their power and utility. The Introduction motivates the definitions and indicates how the theory will yield solutions to problems arising outside it. Chapter 1 sets out the basic general theorems, which are then specialized in Chapter 2 to the space C[0, l ] of continuous functions on the unit interval and in Chapter 3 to the space D [0, 1 ] of functions with discontinuities of the first kind. The results of the first three chapters are used in Chapter 4 to derive a variety of limit theorems for dependent sequences of random variables. " The book develops and expands on Donsker's 1951 and 1952 papers on the invariance principle and empirical distributions. The basic random variables remain real-valued although, of course, measures on C[0, l ] and D[0, l ] are vitally used. Within this framework, there are various possibilities for a different and apparently better treatment of the material. More of the general theory of weak convergence of probabilities on separable metric spaces would be useful. Metrizability of the convergence is not brought up until late in the Appendix. The close relation of the Prokhorov metric and a metric for convergence in probability is (hence) not mentioned (see V. Strassen, Ann. Math. Statist. 36 (1965), 423-439; the reviewer, ibid. 39 (1968), 1563-1572). This relation would illuminate and organize such results as Theorems 4.1, 4.2 and 4.4 which give isolated, ad hoc connections between weak convergence of measures and nearness in probability. In the middle of p. 16, it should be noted that C*(S) consists of signed measures which need only be finitely additive if 5 is not compact. On p. 239, where the author twice speaks of separable subsets having nonmeasurable cardinal, he means "discrete" rather than "separable." Theorem 1.4 is Ulam's theorem that a Borel probability on a complete separable metric space is tight. Theorem 1 of Appendix 3 weakens completeness to topological completeness. After mentioning that probabilities on the rationals are tight, the author says it is an

Convergence of probability measures

Naphthalenesulfonamides such as N-(6-amino-hexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W-7) are potent calmodulin (CaM) antagonists and act upon several protein kinases at higher concentration. When the naphthalene ring was replaced by isoquinoline, the derivatives were no longer CaM antagonists but retained the ability to inhibit protein kinases, and some of the derivatives exhibited selective inhibition toward a certain protein kinase. cAMP-dependent, cGMP-dependent, and Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent (protein kinase C) protein kinases were inhibited significantly by addition of 10(-6) M N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinoline-sulfonamide (H-8) and 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7). H-8 was the most active of the inhibitors in this series and inhibited more markedly cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinases, than other kinases, while the derivative with the sulfonylpiperazine residue (H-7) was the most potent in inhibiting protein kinase C. Apparent Ki values of H-8 were 0.48 and 1.2 microM for cGMP-dependent and cAMP-dependent protein kinases, respectively, and the Ki value of H-7 for protein kinase C was 6 microM. Both the holoenzyme and the catalytic subunit (or fragment), which is active without an enzyme activator, are susceptible to these compounds with a similar concentration dependency, thereby indicating that the inhibitory effect is attributed to the direct interaction of the compound with the active center of the enzyme but not with the enzyme activator. The inhibitions were freely reversible and of the competitive type with respect to ATP and of the noncompetitive type with respect to the phosphate acceptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Isoquinolinesulfonamides, novel and potent inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C.

Metal Oxides and Oxysalts as Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries

Passive radiative cooling (PRC) involves the emission of thermal radiation into cold space and the reflection of solar radiation, which aims to cool and lower the temperature of objects. However, currently most radiative coolers have a white appearance which restricts their potential applications. We develop a coloured bilayer radiative cooling membrane using polyvinylidene fluoride/tetraethoxysilane (PVDF/TEOS) fibres, with incorporation of phase change materials (PCMs) and active dyes through a simple and large-area electrospinning process. In comparison to traditional emitters, PCM-incorporated colourful coolers provide energy storage capacity and colourful appearances. Our phase-transition-based colourful flexible film (PCFF) achieves a total solar reflectance of 0.81 and a mid-infrared (MIR) (8-13 μm) emissivity of 0.85 with superior mechanical strength and good hydrophobicity. We experimentally demonstrate that our PCFF can significantly reduce the temperature of objects exposed to direct sunlight, with a cooling effect of up to 9 ℃ compared to commercial fabrics of similar materials and colours. Our work provides a promising starting point for the design and manufacture of colourful and flexible thermal control films.

Colourful phase change material-incorporated flexible film for efficient passive radiative cooling.

Phenylglycine undergoes transamination with 2-oxoglutaric acid in the presence of N-dodecylpyridoxal chloride (DPL) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTACl) under mild conditions. This is the first example of nonenzymatic overall transamination realized in the absence of metal ions.

Nonenzymatic Transamination of Phenylglycine with 2-Oxoglutaric Acid Mediated by a Micellar Pyridoxal Model.

Summary form only given. For bio-applications of atmospheric pressure plasmas, our group has been reported previously that inactivation of microorganisms such as fungal spores of Penicillium digitatum by employing high-density non-equilibrium atmos pheric pressure plasma [1]. To understand a mechanism of inactivation, there needs analysis of reactions between plasmas and biomaterials. It has long been appreciated that radicals play important roles for controlling the reactions. The electron-spin-resonance (ESR) technique can detect the radicals - in particular dangling bonds - and thus we have developed methods to utilize the ESR for this purpose [2]. In this study, we focused on ESR detection of radical on biologi cal organism as exampled of the Penicillium digitatum interacted with plasmas.

Electron spin resonance (ESR) study of radicals on biological organism created by interaction with plasma

Schaltsteuervorrichtung
fur ein
stufenloses Getriebe (14) mit einem Stellglied, welches einen Ubersetzungsschaltvorgang
unter Verwendung eines Betatigungsfluids
durchfuhrt,
das dem Stellglied zugefuhrt
und von diesem abgefuhrt
wird, wobei eine Steuerung (5) ein Ubersetzungsverhaltnis (γ) des stufenlosen
Getriebes (14) so steuert, das eine
Drehzahl eines Eingangsbauteiles (54) des stufenlosen Getriebes
(14) eine Zieleingangsdrehzahl (Nint) erreicht, dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Steuerung (5) a) eine Einrichtung aufweist, die die
Temperatur oder die Viskositat
des Betatigungsfluids
mit einer vorbestimmten Temperatur oder Viskositat vergleicht, um fest zu stellen, ob
die Temperatur des Betatigungsfluids
unterhalb eines normalen Temperaturbereichs oder die Viskositat des Betatigungsfluids
oberhalb eines normalen Viskositatsbereichs liegt,
und b) die Einrichtung fur
den Fall, dass die Temperatur des Betatigungsfluids unterhalb der
vorbestimmten Temperatur oder die Viskositat des Betatigungsfluids oberhalb der
vorbestimmten Viskositat
liegt, einen Festsetzungsbereich der Zieleingangsdrehzahl (Nint)
auf einen zweiten Festsetzungsbereich setzt, der enger als ein erster
Festsetzungsbereich ist, welcher gesetzt...

Schaltsteuervorrichtung und Schaltsteuerverfahren für ein stufenloses Getriebe

Flake-shaped carbon nanomaterials with nitrogen (N) and iron (Fe) addition, so-called carbon nanoflakes (CNFLs), were synthesized by the in-liquid plasma using two different kinds of additive agents, such as hemin and iron (II) phthalocyanine (FePc). According to scanning electron microscopy images and Raman spectra, CNFLs with a size of at least 100 nm order were formed regardless of types of additive agents, and crystallinity of six-membered ring structures was improved as additive agents increased. Photoelectron spectra showed that pyridinic N contents increased from 1.05% to 2.02% with increasing FePc, while those decreased from 0.34% to 0.14% with hemin. In the oxygen reduction reaction, onset potential values also increased from 0.71 to 0.79 eV with increasing FePc, while those decreased from 0.60 to 0.47 eV with hemin. These results suggested that the catalytic activity of CNFLs was effectively improved by the increase of pyridinic N by the in-liquid plasma synthesis with FePc. In contrast, the electron transfer numbers reached 3.81 when hemin increased, although those were less than 2.88 in the cases using FePc. These results mean that the in-liquid plasma synthesis method of CNFLs using FePc has the potential to further improve its catalytic activity. 

Hiroki Kondo

Papers

Colourful phase change material-incorporated flexible film for efficient passive radiative cooling.

Nonenzymatic Transamination of Phenylglycine with 2-Oxoglutaric Acid Mediated by a Micellar Pyridoxal Model.

Electron spin resonance (ESR) study of radicals on biological organism created by interaction with plasma

Schaltsteuervorrichtung und Schaltsteuerverfahren für ein stufenloses Getriebe

In‐liquid plasma synthesis of iron–nitrogen‐doped carbon nanoflakes with high catalytic activity