There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

The lithium metal battery is strongly considered to be one of the most promising candidates for high-energy-density energy storage devices in our modern and technology-based society. However, uncontrollable lithium dendrite growth induces poor cycling efficiency and severe safety concerns, dragging lithium metal batteries out of practical applications. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the lithium metal anode and its dendritic lithium growth. First, the working principles and technical challenges of a lithium metal anode are underscored. Specific attention is paid to the mechanistic understandings and quantitative models for solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, lithium dendrite nucleation, and growth. On the basis of previous theoretical understanding and analysis, recently proposed strategies to suppress dendrite growth of lithium metal anode and some other metal anodes are reviewed. A section dedicated to the potential of full-cell lithium metal batteries for practical applicatio...

Toward Safe Lithium Metal Anode in Rechargeable Batteries: A Review.

The author's preface gives an outline: "This book is about weakconvergence methods in metric spaces, with applications sufficient to show their power and utility. The Introduction motivates the definitions and indicates how the theory will yield solutions to problems arising outside it. Chapter 1 sets out the basic general theorems, which are then specialized in Chapter 2 to the space C[0, l ] of continuous functions on the unit interval and in Chapter 3 to the space D [0, 1 ] of functions with discontinuities of the first kind. The results of the first three chapters are used in Chapter 4 to derive a variety of limit theorems for dependent sequences of random variables. " The book develops and expands on Donsker's 1951 and 1952 papers on the invariance principle and empirical distributions. The basic random variables remain real-valued although, of course, measures on C[0, l ] and D[0, l ] are vitally used. Within this framework, there are various possibilities for a different and apparently better treatment of the material. More of the general theory of weak convergence of probabilities on separable metric spaces would be useful. Metrizability of the convergence is not brought up until late in the Appendix. The close relation of the Prokhorov metric and a metric for convergence in probability is (hence) not mentioned (see V. Strassen, Ann. Math. Statist. 36 (1965), 423-439; the reviewer, ibid. 39 (1968), 1563-1572). This relation would illuminate and organize such results as Theorems 4.1, 4.2 and 4.4 which give isolated, ad hoc connections between weak convergence of measures and nearness in probability. In the middle of p. 16, it should be noted that C*(S) consists of signed measures which need only be finitely additive if 5 is not compact. On p. 239, where the author twice speaks of separable subsets having nonmeasurable cardinal, he means "discrete" rather than "separable." Theorem 1.4 is Ulam's theorem that a Borel probability on a complete separable metric space is tight. Theorem 1 of Appendix 3 weakens completeness to topological completeness. After mentioning that probabilities on the rationals are tight, the author says it is an

Convergence of probability measures

Naphthalenesulfonamides such as N-(6-amino-hexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W-7) are potent calmodulin (CaM) antagonists and act upon several protein kinases at higher concentration. When the naphthalene ring was replaced by isoquinoline, the derivatives were no longer CaM antagonists but retained the ability to inhibit protein kinases, and some of the derivatives exhibited selective inhibition toward a certain protein kinase. cAMP-dependent, cGMP-dependent, and Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent (protein kinase C) protein kinases were inhibited significantly by addition of 10(-6) M N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinoline-sulfonamide (H-8) and 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7). H-8 was the most active of the inhibitors in this series and inhibited more markedly cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinases, than other kinases, while the derivative with the sulfonylpiperazine residue (H-7) was the most potent in inhibiting protein kinase C. Apparent Ki values of H-8 were 0.48 and 1.2 microM for cGMP-dependent and cAMP-dependent protein kinases, respectively, and the Ki value of H-7 for protein kinase C was 6 microM. Both the holoenzyme and the catalytic subunit (or fragment), which is active without an enzyme activator, are susceptible to these compounds with a similar concentration dependency, thereby indicating that the inhibitory effect is attributed to the direct interaction of the compound with the active center of the enzyme but not with the enzyme activator. The inhibitions were freely reversible and of the competitive type with respect to ATP and of the noncompetitive type with respect to the phosphate acceptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Isoquinolinesulfonamides, novel and potent inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C.

Metal Oxides and Oxysalts as Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries

Angle-dependent hard X-ray photoemission study of Nb hydride formation in high-pressure supercritical water

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) growth were carried out on SiO2/Si substrates using Pt catalysts at different temperatures, from 400°C to 700°C, under various ethanol pressures by an alcohol gas source method, a type of cold-wall chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Raman measurements showed that the optimal ethanol pressure decreased as the growth temperature was reduced, and that SWCNTs grew even at 400°C by optimizing the ethanol pressure to 1× 10-5 Pa in a high vacuum system. Compared to the SWCNTs grown from Co catalysts, the diameters of SWCNTs grown from Pt were smaller, irrespective of the growth temperature. In addition, both the SWCNT diameter and the distribution became narrower by reducing the growth temperature and we obtained small-diameter SWCNTs of which the diameters were less than 1 nm using Pt catalysts.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S1946427414001493

Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Growth with Narrow Diameter Distribution from Pt Catalysts by Alcohol Gas Source Method

This paper describes a framework of new economic geography models that contain specific public infrastructures for reducing transportation costs. Using this framework, we consider the outcomes of the public-infrastructure-provision competition by welfare-maximizing governments. We show that, in the process of integration, the world economy experiences a phase in which a pure strategy Nash equilibrium does not exist. Instead, there is a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium in which the public infrastructure investments made by a country lacking a sector with vertical linkages vary much more than those made by a country hosting such a sector. To attract the sector, the less industrialized country invests tremendous amounts in public infrastructure. Consequently, there is a small but definitely positive probability that an industry with vertical linkage relocates.

Providing public infrastructure competition and new economic geography

Metal−based nanoparticles have been used in diverse industrial applications owing to their physicochemical properties. Here, the electric field produced by pulsed high−voltage discharge plasma over an aqueous solution surface that was generated under high−pressure argon environment would be employed to synthesis and to modify metal materials. The plasma reactor was made of stainless steel and contained two sapphire windows to monitor the plasma performance. The experiments were conducted at room temperature (25 − 28 °C) with argon environment at a pressure of 3.0 MPa and the DC power supply at 18.6 kV was introduced into the reactor through the electrode to generate pulse electrical discharge plasma. The metal rod electrode which was used as a material source for nanoparticles generation was placed over an aqueous solution containing glycine, as carbon source, to introduce electrical discharge plasma. The scanning transmission electron microscopy which was equipped with energy dispersion spectroscopy (STEM coupled with EDS) indicated that titanium dioxide and iron oxide with and without carbon covered were successfully produced in nano−scale (<100 nm).

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/778/1/012018/pdf

Synthesis and Modification of Metal Nanoparticles by Plasma over an Aqueous Solution under Pressurized Argon

http://absimage.aps.org/image/GEC15/MWS_GEC15-2015-000639.pdf

Hiroki Kondo

Papers

Angle-dependent hard X-ray photoemission study of Nb hydride formation in high-pressure supercritical water

Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Growth with Narrow Diameter Distribution from Pt Catalysts by Alcohol Gas Source Method

Providing public infrastructure competition and new economic geography

Synthesis and Modification of Metal Nanoparticles by Plasma over an Aqueous Solution under Pressurized Argon

Antitumor effect of synergistic contribution of nitrite and hydrogen peroxide in the plasma activated medium