There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

The lithium metal battery is strongly considered to be one of the most promising candidates for high-energy-density energy storage devices in our modern and technology-based society. However, uncontrollable lithium dendrite growth induces poor cycling efficiency and severe safety concerns, dragging lithium metal batteries out of practical applications. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the lithium metal anode and its dendritic lithium growth. First, the working principles and technical challenges of a lithium metal anode are underscored. Specific attention is paid to the mechanistic understandings and quantitative models for solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, lithium dendrite nucleation, and growth. On the basis of previous theoretical understanding and analysis, recently proposed strategies to suppress dendrite growth of lithium metal anode and some other metal anodes are reviewed. A section dedicated to the potential of full-cell lithium metal batteries for practical applicatio...

Toward Safe Lithium Metal Anode in Rechargeable Batteries: A Review.

The author's preface gives an outline: "This book is about weakconvergence methods in metric spaces, with applications sufficient to show their power and utility. The Introduction motivates the definitions and indicates how the theory will yield solutions to problems arising outside it. Chapter 1 sets out the basic general theorems, which are then specialized in Chapter 2 to the space C[0, l ] of continuous functions on the unit interval and in Chapter 3 to the space D [0, 1 ] of functions with discontinuities of the first kind. The results of the first three chapters are used in Chapter 4 to derive a variety of limit theorems for dependent sequences of random variables. " The book develops and expands on Donsker's 1951 and 1952 papers on the invariance principle and empirical distributions. The basic random variables remain real-valued although, of course, measures on C[0, l ] and D[0, l ] are vitally used. Within this framework, there are various possibilities for a different and apparently better treatment of the material. More of the general theory of weak convergence of probabilities on separable metric spaces would be useful. Metrizability of the convergence is not brought up until late in the Appendix. The close relation of the Prokhorov metric and a metric for convergence in probability is (hence) not mentioned (see V. Strassen, Ann. Math. Statist. 36 (1965), 423-439; the reviewer, ibid. 39 (1968), 1563-1572). This relation would illuminate and organize such results as Theorems 4.1, 4.2 and 4.4 which give isolated, ad hoc connections between weak convergence of measures and nearness in probability. In the middle of p. 16, it should be noted that C*(S) consists of signed measures which need only be finitely additive if 5 is not compact. On p. 239, where the author twice speaks of separable subsets having nonmeasurable cardinal, he means "discrete" rather than "separable." Theorem 1.4 is Ulam's theorem that a Borel probability on a complete separable metric space is tight. Theorem 1 of Appendix 3 weakens completeness to topological completeness. After mentioning that probabilities on the rationals are tight, the author says it is an

Convergence of probability measures

Naphthalenesulfonamides such as N-(6-amino-hexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W-7) are potent calmodulin (CaM) antagonists and act upon several protein kinases at higher concentration. When the naphthalene ring was replaced by isoquinoline, the derivatives were no longer CaM antagonists but retained the ability to inhibit protein kinases, and some of the derivatives exhibited selective inhibition toward a certain protein kinase. cAMP-dependent, cGMP-dependent, and Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent (protein kinase C) protein kinases were inhibited significantly by addition of 10(-6) M N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinoline-sulfonamide (H-8) and 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7). H-8 was the most active of the inhibitors in this series and inhibited more markedly cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinases, than other kinases, while the derivative with the sulfonylpiperazine residue (H-7) was the most potent in inhibiting protein kinase C. Apparent Ki values of H-8 were 0.48 and 1.2 microM for cGMP-dependent and cAMP-dependent protein kinases, respectively, and the Ki value of H-7 for protein kinase C was 6 microM. Both the holoenzyme and the catalytic subunit (or fragment), which is active without an enzyme activator, are susceptible to these compounds with a similar concentration dependency, thereby indicating that the inhibitory effect is attributed to the direct interaction of the compound with the active center of the enzyme but not with the enzyme activator. The inhibitions were freely reversible and of the competitive type with respect to ATP and of the noncompetitive type with respect to the phosphate acceptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Isoquinolinesulfonamides, novel and potent inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C.

Metal Oxides and Oxysalts as Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries

Our developed non-contact method for measurement of temperature of silicon (Si) wafer by using autocorrelation-type fourier domain low coherence interferometer has advantageous in accuracy and rapid response. We demonstrate measurements in temperature for Si wafer at real-time during plasma process and in estimation of heat flux to the wafer from plasma, involving heats balanced plasma source and conductive loss in Si. The analysis indicated that other heat sources like the chamber parts with relatively high temperature impact on the duty ratio during the process with feedback control of the wafer teperture.

Real-time control of a wafer temperature for uniform plasma process

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a control device for a vehicular power force transmitting device for restraining a driver from feeling a sense of discomfort when the transmitting device is recovered from a fail-safe state.SOLUTION: When a trouble occurs at a gear ratio control linear solenoid valve SLP and the like, it is established that a torque transmittance is carried out by a gear mechanism 20, and a target gear ratio γand an actual gear ratio [γp] of a stepless speed change device 18 are compared to each other to judge whether or not the gear ratio control linear solenoid valve SLP and the like are returned back to a normal state, so that an embodiment in which the gear ratio control linear solenoid valve SLP and the like is judged whether to perform a normal operation or not by changing the target gear ratio γof the belt-type stepless speed change device 18 and comparing its target gear ratio γwith the actual gear ratio [γp] restrains a driver from feeling a sense of discomfort when the fail-safe state returns back to the normal state.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 4

Control device for vehicular power force transmitting device

Une vitesse de rotation d'entree de consigne Nint est calculee a partir de l'etat de roulage d'un vehicule tel que la quantite d'actionnement d'une pedale d'accelerateur fournie par un capteur (82), la vitesse du vehicule fournie par un capteur (86) et d'autres indications. La vitesse de rotation d'entree de consigne est repoussee vers une valeur limite inferieure NinL et le rapport de transmission y de la transmission (14) a variation continue (CVT) devient alors eleve avant que le vehicule ne s'arrete.Application au controle d'une transmission a variation continue pour eviter les inconvenients provoques par une reduction importante de la temperature du fluide d'actionnement.

Procede et dispositif de controle de commutation des rapports de transmission d'une transmission continuellement variable

We have investigated the effects of Al incorporation into a Pr-oxide/Si gate stack formed by atomic layer deposition. The PrAlOx (PAO) layers show an amorphous structure by the incorporation of Al into the Pr-oxide. The PAO sample with 10%-Al shows good C-V characteristics without a hump, and the interface state density (Dit) is as low as 5 × 1010 cm−2 eV−1. The amount of Si in the Pr-oxide film decreases by the Al incorporation. We deduce that Al incorporation into a Pr-oxide layer inhibits reaction at the interface of the PAO/Si substrate. We found that Al incorporation into the Pr-oxide is effective against the inhibition of moisture incorporation into the oxide film. The Pr(OH)3 component, estimated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, increases near the surface of the Pr-oxide and PAO films with 10%-Al after 300 days, while the SiOx component does not change. The Pr(OH)3 component decreases with increasing Al incorporation. The Dit of the PAO/Si sample with 10%-Al increases after 300 days. After post metallization annealing of the sample in N2, Dit decreases with increasing annealing temperature.

Hiroki Kondo

Papers

Real-time control of a wafer temperature for uniform plasma process

Control device for vehicular power force transmitting device

Procede et dispositif de controle de commutation des rapports de transmission d'une transmission continuellement variable

Suppressive Effect of Interface Reaction and Water Absorption by Al Incorporation into Pr-oxide Film

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