抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

http://www.dietcan.net/docs/Polifenoles%20en%20alimentos%20y%20biodisponibilidad.pdf

Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability

This review summarizes the multifaceted aspects of antioxidants and the basic kinetic models of inhibited autoxidation and analyzes the chemical principles of antioxidant capacity assays. Depending upon the reactions involved, these assays can roughly be classified into two types:  assays based on hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions and assays based on electron transfer (ET). The majority of HAT-based assays apply a competitive reaction scheme, in which antioxidant and substrate compete for thermally generated peroxyl radicals through the decomposition of azo compounds. These assays include inhibition of induced low-density lipoprotein autoxidation, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), total radical trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP), and crocin bleaching assays. ET-based assays measure the capacity of an antioxidant in the reduction of an oxidant, which changes color when reduced. The degree of color change is correlated with the sample's antioxidant concentrations. ET-based assays include th...

The Chemistry behind Antioxidant Capacity Assays

The reference human genome sequence set the stage for studies of genetic variation and its association with human disease, but epigenomic studies lack a similar reference. To address this need, the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Consortium generated the largest collection so far of human epigenomes for primary cells and tissues. Here we describe the integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes generated as part of the programme, profiled for histone modification patterns, DNA accessibility, DNA methylation and RNA expression. We establish global maps of regulatory elements, define regulatory modules of coordinated activity, and their likely activators and repressors. We show that disease- and trait-associated genetic variants are enriched in tissue-specific epigenomic marks, revealing biologically relevant cell types for diverse human traits, and providing a resource for interpreting the molecular basis of human disease. Our results demonstrate the central role of epigenomic information for understanding gene regulation, cellular differentiation and human disease.

Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(15)01024-7.pdf

Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect

I. Nutritional Assesment. Application and Interpretation of Commonly Used Nutritional Assessment Techniques, Kenneth H. Brown. Evaluating Malnutrition: What Should the Physician Look For? Charles Halsted. Evaluation of the Immune System in the Nutritionally-at-Risk Host, Jonathan Powell, Andrea Borchers, Steven Yoshida, and M. Eric Gershwin. II. Specific Nutrient Requirements. (Normal Populations Populations with Low Intakes, Including Teens, females, Elderly...). Caloric Intake: Sources, Deficiencies, and Excess - An Overview, Dean A. Troyer and Gabriel Fernandes. Protein and Amino Acids, Vernon R. Young. Specific Nutrient Requirements: Trace Elements, Janet C. King. Vitamins: Overview and Metabolic Functions, Robert Rucker. a-Lipoic Acid: The Metabolic Antioxidant, John K. Lodge and Lester Packer. Defining the Role of Dietary Phytochemicals in Modulating Human Immune Function, Harold Schmitz and Kati Chevaux. Dietary n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modulate T-Lymphocyte Activation: Clinical Relevance in Treating Diseases of Chronic Inflammation, Robert S. Chapkin, David N. McMurray, and Christopher A. Jolly. Nucleotides, George K. Grimble, Olwyn M. R. Westwood. III. Nutrient-Immune Interactions. Impact of Nutritional Status on Immune Integrity, Pam Fraker. Nutritional Modulation of Inflammation by Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids/Eicosanoids, Vincent A. Ziboh. IV. Clinical Issues. Immunological Considerations of Breast Milk, Bo Lonnerdal. Clinical Issues: Childhood Illnesses, Vaccinations, and Nutritional Status, Noel W. Solomons and Gerald T. Keusch. Protein Energy Malnutrition and Infectious Disease: Synergistic Interactions, Christopher A. Jolly and Gabriel Fernandes. Lipids, Inflammatory Cytokines, and Endothelial Cell Injury, Bernhard Hennig, Michal Toborek, and Gilbert A. Boissonneault. Nutrition and Allergy, Christopher Chang and M. Eric Gershwin. Adverse Reactions to Foods, Francesco Giuseppe Foschi, Lorenzo Marsigli, Francesco Chiappelli, Michelle A. Kung, Mauro Bernardi Giuseppe, and Francesco Stefanini. Perioperative Feeding: Nutrition and Immunity, Ronald R. Barbosa and Bruce M. Wolfe. Alcohol and Immune Function, Francesco Chiappelli, Michelle A. Kung, Giuseppe Francesco Stefanini, and Francesco Giuseppe Foschi. Cigaret Smoking, Substance Abuse, Nutritional Status, and Immune Function, Mari S. Golub. Nutrition, Immunity, and Alternative Medicine, Katherine Gundling, Andrea Borchers, and M. Eric Gershwin. Obesity and Immunity, Paul A. Davis and Judith S. Stern. Diabetes and Immunity, Manuel E. Baldeon and H. Rex Gaskins. Nutritional Modulation of Autoimmune Diseases, Claudio Galperin, Gabriel Fernandes, Ricardo M. Oliveira, and M. Eric Gershwin. Autoimmune Diseases of the Digestive Tract, Thomas P. Prindiville and Mary C. Cantrell. Diet and Allograft Rejection, Richard V. Perez and Steven Katznelson. Food Toxicology and Immunity, Linda Rasooly and Noel R. Rose. Interactions Between Nutrition and Immunity: Immunity Lessons from Animal Agriculture, Kirk C. Klasing and Tatiana V. Leshchinsky. Cancer and Nutrition, Carolyn K. Clifford. AIDS, William R. Beisel. Aging: Nutrition and Immunity, Simin Nikbin Meydani and Michelle Schelske Santos. Role of Nutrition in Common Oral Diseases, Cecilia Gorrel and Tiffany Bierer. The Anti Inflammatory Effects of Chinese Herbs, Plants, and Spices, Christopher Chang. The Influence of Probiotic Organisms on the Immune Response, Stephanie Blum, Yves Delneste, Anne Donnet, and Eduardo Jorge Schiffrin. Nutritional Effects on the Pathogen Genome and Phenotypic Expression of Disease. Melinda A. Beck. V. Future Directions. Whither Nutrition and Immunology Interactions Toward the Next Millennium? What is Past is Prologue, Noel W. Solomons. Index.

Nutrition and immunology: principles and practice.

The investigation of site-specific glycosylation is essential for further understanding the many biological roles that glycoproteins play; however, existing methods for characterizing site-specific...

/pdf/factors-that-influence-fragmentation-behavior-of-n-linked-ee5guu3ldu.pdf

Factors that influence fragmentation behavior of N-linked glycopeptide ions

In vitro digestion of isolated milk proteins results in milk peptides with a variety of actions. However, it remains unclear to what degree protein degradation occurs in vivo in the infant stomach and whether peptides previously annotated for bioactivity are released. This study combined nanospray LC separation with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, comprehensive structural libraries, and informatics to analyze milk from 3 human mothers and the gastric aspirates from their 4- to 12-d-old postpartum infants. Milk from the mothers contained almost 200 distinct peptides, demonstrating enzymatic degradation of milk proteins beginning either during lactation or between milk collection and feeding. In the gastric samples, 649 milk peptides were identified, demonstrating that digestion continues in the infant stomach. Most peptides in both the intact milk and gastric samples were derived from β-casein. The numbers of peptides from β-casein, lactoferrin, α-lactalbumin, lactadherin, κ-casein, serum albumin, bile salt–associated lipase, and xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase were significantly higher in the gastric samples than in the milk samples (P < 0.05). A total of 603 peptides differed significantly in abundance between milk and gastric samples (P < 0.05). Most of the identified peptides have previously identified biologic activity. Gastric proteolysis occurs in the term infant in the first 2 wk of life, releasing biologically active milk peptides with immunomodulatory and antibacterial properties of clinical relevance to the proximal intestinal tract. Data are available via ProteomeXchange (identifier PXD000688).

https://www.rothenbuhlercheesemakers.com/media/1239/a-peptidomic-analysis-of-human-milk-digestion-in-the-infant-stomach-reveals-protein-specific-digradation-patterns.pdf

A Peptidomic Analysis of Human Milk Digestion in the Infant Stomach Reveals Protein-Specific Degradation Patterns

In the emergence of diverse animal life forms, food is the most insistent and pervasive of environmental pressures. As the life sciences begin to understand organisms in genomic detail, evolutionary perspectives provide compelling insights into the results of these dynamic interactions between food and consumer. Such an evolutionary perspective is particularly needed today in the face of unprecedented capabilities to alter the food supply. What should we change? Answering this question for food production, safety and sustainability will require a much more detailed understanding of the complex interplay between humans and their food. Many organisms that we grow, produce, process and consume as foods naturally evolved adaptations in part to avoid being eaten. Crop breeding and processing have been the tools to convert overtly toxic and antinutritious commodities into foods that are safe to eat. Now the challenge is to enhance the nutritional quality and thereby contribute to improving human health. We posit that the Rosetta stone of food and nourishment is mammalian lactation and 'mother's milk'. The milk that a mammalian mother produces for her young is a complete and comprehensive diet. Moreover, the capacity of the mammary gland as a remarkable bioreactor to synthesise milk, and the infant to utilise milk, reflects 200 million years of symbiotic co-evolution between producer and consumer. Here we present emerging transdisciplinary research 'decoding' mother's milk from humans and other mammals. We further discuss how insights from mother's milk have important implications for food science and human health.

/pdf/food-in-an-evolutionary-context-insights-from-mother-s-milk-nqs0iut186.pdf

Food in an evolutionary context: insights from mother's milk.

Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis is a common member of the intestinal microbiota in breast-fed infants and capable of metabolizing human milk oligosaccharides (HMO). To investigate the bacterial response to different prebiotics, we analyzed both cell wall associated and whole cell proteins in B. infantis. Proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS followed by comparative proteomics to deduce the protein localization within the cell. Enzymes involved in the metabolism of lactose, glucose, galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides and HMO were constitutively expressed exhibiting less than two-fold change regardless of the sugar used. In contrast, enzymes in N-Acetylglucosamine and sucrose catabolism were induced by HMO and fructans, respectively. Galactose-metabolizing enzymes phosphoglucomutase, UDP-glucose 4-epimerase and UTP glucose-1-P uridylytransferase were expressed constitutively, while galactokinase and galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, increased their expression three fold when HMO and lactose were used as substrates for cell growth. Cell wall-associated proteomics also revealed ATP-dependent sugar transport systems associated with consumption of different prebiotics. In addition, the expression of 16 glycosyl hydrolases revealed the complete metabolic route for each substrate. Mucin, which possesses O-glycans that are structurally similar to HMO did not induced the expression of transport proteins, hydrolysis or sugar metabolic pathway indicating B. infantis do not utilize these glycoconjugates.

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0057535&type=printable

J. Bruce German

Papers

Nutrition and immunology: principles and practice.

Factors that influence fragmentation behavior of N-linked glycopeptide ions

A Peptidomic Analysis of Human Milk Digestion in the Infant Stomach Reveals Protein-Specific Degradation Patterns

Food in an evolutionary context: insights from mother's milk.

Proteomic Analysis of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis Reveals the Metabolic Insight on Consumption of Prebiotics and Host Glycans