Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is broadly recognised as having the potential to play a key role in meeting climate change targets, delivering low carbon heat and power, decarbonising industry and, more recently, its ability to facilitate the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. However, despite this broad consensus and its technical maturity, CCS has not yet been deployed on a scale commensurate with the ambitions articulated a decade ago. Thus, in this paper we review the current state-of-the-art of CO2 capture, transport, utilisation and storage from a multi-scale perspective, moving from the global to molecular scales. In light of the COP21 commitments to limit warming to less than 2 °C, we extend the remit of this study to include the key negative emissions technologies (NETs) of bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), and direct air capture (DAC). Cognisant of the non-technical barriers to deploying CCS, we reflect on recent experience from the UK's CCS commercialisation programme and consider the commercial and political barriers to the large-scale deployment of CCS. In all areas, we focus on identifying and clearly articulating the key research challenges that could usefully be addressed in the coming decade.

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Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward

Preface 1. Basic tools 2. Elasticity and Hooke's law 3. Seismic wave propagation 4. Effective media 5. Granular media 6. Fluid effects on wave propagation 7. Empirical relations 8. Flow and diffusion 9. Electrical properties Appendices.

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The Rock Physics Handbook: Tools for Seismic Analysis of Porous Media

Responding to the latest developments in rock physics research, this popular reference book has been thoroughly updated while retaining its comprehensive coverage of the fundamental theory, concepts, and laboratory results. It brings together the vast literature from the field to address the relationships between geophysical observations and the underlying physical properties of Earth materials - including water, hydrocarbons, gases, minerals, rocks, ice, magma and methane hydrates. This third edition includes expanded coverage of topics such as effective medium models, viscoelasticity, attenuation, anisotropy, electrical-elastic cross relations, and highlights applications in unconventional reservoirs. Appendices have been enhanced with new materials and properties, while worked examples (supplemented by online datasets and MATLAB® codes) enable readers to implement the workflows and models in practice. This significantly revised edition will continue to be the go-to reference for students and researchers interested in rock physics, near-surface geophysics, seismology, and professionals in the oil and gas industries.

The Rock Physics Handbook

Review of natural gas hydrates as an energy resource: Prospects and challenges ☆

A compilation of compressional-wave ( V p) and shear-wave ( V s) velocities and densities for a wide variety of common lithologies is used to define new nonlinear, multivalued, and quantitative relations between these properties for the Earth's crust. Wireline borehole logs, vertical seismic profiles, laboratory measurements, and seismic tomography models provide a diverse dataset for deriving empirical relations between crustal V p and V s. The proposed V s as a function of V p relations fit V s and V p borehole logs in Quaternary alluvium and Salinian granites as well as laboratory measurements over a 7-km/sec-wide range in V p. The relations derived here are very close to those used to develop a regional 3D velocity model for southern California, based on pre-1970 data, and thus provide support for that model. These data, and these relations, show a rapid increase in V s as V p increases to 3.5 km/sec leading to higher shear-wave velocities in young sedimentary deposits than commonly assumed. These relations, appropriate for active continental margins where earthquakes are prone to occur, suggests that amplification of strong ground motions by shallow geologic deposits may not be as large as predicted by some earlier models.

Empirical relations between elastic wavespeeds and density in the Earth's crust

Teks yang sepenuhnya diperbarui ini membahas hubungan antara pengamatan geofisika dan sifat fisik batuan yang mendasarinya. Ini menyaring sejumlah besar teori latar belakang dan hasil laboratorium menjadi serangkaian bab ringkas yang memberikan solusi praktis untuk masalah dalam interpretasi data geofisika. Sekarang dalam edisi kedua, bab-bab baru utama disajikan pada fisika batuan statistik dan model kecepatan-porositas-tanah liat untuk sedimen klastik. Topik baru dan perluasan lainnya termasuk tanda seismik anisotropik, gelombang lubang bor, model untuk media retak, model poroelastik, dan model atenuasi. Yang juga baru dalam edisi ini adalah seperangkat lampiran yang disempurnakan dengan hasil empiris utama, tabel data, dan atlas properti batuan reservoir - diperluas hingga mencakup karbonat, lempung, hidrat gas, dan minyak berat. Didukung oleh situs web yang menampung rutinitas MATLAB untuk menerapkan berbagai rumus fisika batuan, buku ini merupakan sumber daya penting bagi mahasiswa tingkat lanjut dan fakultas universitas, serta ahli geofisika dan insinyur industri perminyakan.

The Rock Physics Handbook: Tools for seismic analysis of porous media second edition

We have analyzed two laboratory data sets obtained on high-porosity rock samples from the North Sea. The velocities observed are unusual in that they seem to disagree with some simple models based on porosity. On the other hand, the rocks are unusually poorly-cemented (for laboratory studies, at least), and we investigate the likelihood that this is the cause of the disagreement. One set of rocks, from the Oseberg Field, is made of slightly cemented quartz sands. We find that we can model their dry-rock velocities using a cementation theory where the grains mechanically interact through cement at the grain boundaries. This model does not allow for pressure dependence. The other set of rocks, from the Troll Field, is almost completely uncemented. The grains are held together by the applied confining pressure. In this case, a lower bound for the velocities can be found by using the Hertz-Mindlin contact theory (interaction of uncemented spheres) to predict velocities at a critical porosity, combined with the modified Hashin-Strikman lower bound for other porosities. This model, which allows for pressure-dependence, also predicts fairly large Poisson9s ratios for saturated rocks, such as those observed in the measurements. The usefulness of these theories may be in estimating the nature of cement in rocks from measurements such as sonic logs. The theories could help indicate sand strength in poorly consolidated formations and predict the likelihood of sand production. Both theoretical methods have analytical expressions and are ready for practical use.

Elasticity of high‐porosity sandstones: Theory for two North Sea data sets

We offer a first-principle-based effective medium model for elastic-wave velocity in unconsolidated, high porosity, ocean bottom sediments containing gas hydrate. The dry sediment frame elastic constants depend on porosity, elastic moduli of the solid phase, and effective pressure. Elastic moduli of saturated sediment are calculated from those of the dry frame using Gassmann's equation. To model the effect of gas hydrate on sediment elastic moduli we use two separate assumptions: (a) hydrate modifies the pore fluid elastic properties without affecting the frame; (b) hydrate becomes a component of the solid phase, modifying the elasticity of the frame. The goal of the modeling is to predict the amount of hydrate in sediments from sonic or seismic velocity data. We apply the model to sonic and VSP data from ODP Hole 995 and obtain hydrate concentration estimates from assumption (b) consistent with estimates obtained from resistivity, chlorinity and evolved gas data.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/1999GL900421

Jack Dvorkin

Papers

The Rock Physics Handbook: Tools for seismic analysis of porous media second edition

The Rock Physics Handbook: Tools for Seismic Analysis of Porous Media

The Rock Physics Handbook

Elasticity of high‐porosity sandstones: Theory for two North Sea data sets

Elastic‐wave velocity in marine sediments with gas hydrates: Effective medium modeling