Margaret P. Adam

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present updated diagnostic guidelines based on a thorough review of the literature and the authors' combined expertise based on the evaluation of >10,000 children for potential fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in clinical settings and in epidemiologic studies in conjunction with National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism-funded studies, the Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, and the Collaboration on FASD Prevalence.

TL;DR: Children who have FASD are more prevalent among first graders in this Midwestern city than predicted by previous, popular estimates.

TL;DR: Estimated prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders among first-graders in 4 US communities ranged from 1.1% to 5.0% using a conservative approach, which may represent more accurate US prevalence estimates than previous studies but may not be generalizable to all communities.

TL;DR: Early identification of the genetic cause of a DSD will in many cases streamline and direct the clinical management of the patient, with more focused endocrine and imaging studies and better-informed surgical decisions.

TL;DR: Recommendations are provided that will guide the integration of genomics into clinical practice and address the evolving role of the clinical geneticist in the rapidly changing climate of genomic medicine.