https://www.mergenmetz.nl/menn/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Insirine-of-bewegen-artikel-in-Cell.pdf

Beige Adipocytes Are a Distinct Type of Thermogenic Fat Cell in Mouse and Human

Adipose tissue, best known for its role in fat storage, can also suppress weight gain and metabolic disease through the action of specialized, heat-producing adipocytes. Brown adipocytes are located in dedicated depots and express constitutively high levels of thermogenic genes, whereas inducible 'brown-like' adipocytes, also known as beige cells, develop in white fat in response to various activators. The activities of brown and beige fat cells reduce metabolic disease, including obesity, in mice and correlate with leanness in humans. Many genes and pathways that regulate brown and beige adipocyte biology have now been identified, providing a variety of promising therapeutic targets for metabolic disease.

/pdf/brown-and-beige-fat-development-function-and-therapeutic-5dt1btf02v.pdf

Brown and beige fat: development, function and therapeutic potential

https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(13)01546-8.pdf

What We Talk About When We Talk About Fat

Adult skeletal muscle in mammals is a stable tissue under normal circumstances but has remarkable ability to repair after injury. Skeletal muscle regeneration is a highly orchestrated process invol...

Satellite Cells and the Muscle Stem Cell Niche

To fulfill its role as the major energy-storing tissue, adipose has several unique properties that cannot be seen in any other organ, including an almost unlimited capacity to expand in a non-transformed state. As such, the tissue requires potent mechanisms to remodel, acutely and chronically. Adipocytes can rapidly reach the diffusional limit of oxygen during growth; hypoxia is therefore an early determinant that limits healthy expansion. Proper expansion requires a highly coordinated response among many different cell types, including endothelial precursor cells, immune cells, and preadipocytes. There are therefore remarkable similarities between adipose expansion and growth of solid tumors, a phenomenon that presents both an opportunity and a challenge, since pharmacological interventions supporting healthy adipose tissue adaptation can also facilitate tumor growth.

/pdf/adipose-tissue-remodeling-and-obesity-4giwx42hfm.pdf

Adipose tissue remodeling and obesity

https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(08)01194-X.pdf

Identification of White Adipocyte Progenitor Cells In Vivo

http://horsley.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Cell%202011%20Festa.pdf

Adipocyte Lineage Cells Contribute to the Skin Stem Cell Niche to Drive Hair Cycling

Adipocytes have been suggested to arise from prospective progenitors of endothelial or haematopoietic origin. Rodeheffer and colleagues use lineage tracing to rule out that this is the case for white adipocytes, and show that they instead arise from CD24+ cells that are characterized by the expression of PdgfR (platelet-derived growth factor receptor).

/pdf/characterization-of-the-adipocyte-cellular-lineage-in-vivo-4csisgsfo0.pdf

Characterization of the adipocyte cellular lineage in vivo

Excessive accumulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) is the defining characteristic of obesity. WAT mass is composed primarily of mature adipocytes, which are generated through the proliferation and differentiation of adipocyte precursors (APs). While the production of new adipocytes contributes to WAT growth in obesity, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying adipogenesis in vivo. Here, we show that high-fat diet feeding in mice rapidly and transiently induces proliferation of APs within WAT to produce new adipocytes. Importantly, the activation of adipogenesis is specific to the perigonadal visceral depot in male mice, consistent with the patterns of obesogenic WAT growth observed in humans. Additionally, we find that in multiple models of obesity, the activation of APs is dependent upon the phosphoinositde 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT2 pathway; however, the development of WAT does not require AKT2. These data indicate that developmental and obesogenic adipogenesis are regulated through distinct molecular mechanisms.

/pdf/rapid-depot-specific-activation-of-adipocyte-precursor-cells-26ilz26g26.pdf

Rapid depot-specific activation of adipocyte precursor cells at the onset of obesity

Context: There is growing interest in the relationship between bone mineral density, bone strength, and fat depots Marrow adipose tissue, a well-established component of the marrow environment, is metabolically distinct from peripheral fat depots, but its functional significance is unknown Objective: In this review, we discuss animal and human data linking the marrow adipose tissue depot to parameters of bone density and integrity as well as the potential significance of marrow adipose tissue in metabolic diseases associated with bone loss, including type 1 diabetes mellitus and anorexia nervosa Potential hormonal determinants of marrow adipose tissue are also discussed Conclusions: We conclude that whereas most animal and human data demonstrate an inverse association between marrow adipose tissue and measures of bone density and strength, understanding the functional significance of marrow adipose tissue and its hormonal determinants will be critical to better understanding its role in skeletal integ

Matthew S. Rodeheffer

Papers

Identification of White Adipocyte Progenitor Cells In Vivo

Adipocyte Lineage Cells Contribute to the Skin Stem Cell Niche to Drive Hair Cycling

Characterization of the adipocyte cellular lineage in vivo

Rapid depot-specific activation of adipocyte precursor cells at the onset of obesity

Marrow fat and bone--new perspectives.