Mia J. Tegner

TL;DR: Paleoecological, archaeological, and historical data show that time lags of decades to centuries occurred between the onset of overfishing and consequent changes in ecological communities, because unfished species of similar trophic level assumed the ecological roles of over-fished species until they too were overfished or died of epidemic diseases related to overcrowding as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: The conditions in which kelp forests develop globally and where, why and at what rate they become deforested are reviewed and overfishing appears to be the greatest manageable threat to kelp forest ecosystems over the 2025 time horizon.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider both physically and biologically-based disturbances, such as overharvesting, invasion, and disease, and their interactions, and develop six scenarios that describe communities that have been subjected to multiple perturbations, either simultaneously or at a rate faster than the rate of recovery, and appear to have entered new domains or ecological surprises.

TL;DR: The ability to separate anthropogenic impacts from the "natural" dynamics of the system is severely compromised and the importance of both an ecosystem focus on productivity and careful monitoring of as many populations as possible is discussed.

TL;DR: This paper addresses questions of community and patch stability as defined by the population biology of dominant plants in the context of different areas within a large kelp forest off Point Loma, San Diego, California, to ask "Do large—scale episodic events override biological mechanisms as major community structuring processes?", and "How persistent are the patches or biological structure over decal and local spatial scales?"