Pekka T. Verronen

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provided the recommended solar forcing dataset for CMIP6 and highlighted changes with respect to CMIP5, which is the first time that a recommendation for solar-driven particle forcing has been provided for a CMIP exercise.

TL;DR: In this paper, the Sodankyla ion and Neurtal Chemistry (SIC) model was used to simulate the production of NOx from examples of the most representative particle flux and energy spectra available today of solar proton events, auroral energy electrons, and relativistic electron precipitation (REP).

TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the short-term effect of the October-November 2003 series of solar proton events on the middle atmosphere, using the proton flux measurements from the GOES-11 satellite as input, and modeled the effect of precipitating particles between 26 October and 6 November with a one-dimensional ion and neutral chemistry model.

TL;DR: It is shown, using observations from three different satellite instruments, that EEP events strongly affect ozone at 60–80 km, leading to extremely large (up to 90%) short-term ozone depletion, comparable to that of large, but much less frequent, solar proton events.

TL;DR: In this article, the GOMOS instrument on board European Space Agency's Envisat satellite has been used to monitor the increase of NO 2 and depletion of ozone due to the solar proton events of October-November 2003.