The power of feedback.

Cause, conseguenze e strategie di mitigazione Proponiamo il primo di una serie di articoli in cui affronteremo l’attuale problema dei mutamenti climatici. Presentiamo il documento redatto, votato e pubblicato dall’Ipcc - Comitato intergovernativo sui cambiamenti climatici - che illustra la sintesi delle ricerche svolte su questo tema rilevante.

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Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.

2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular riskThe Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a pathological process characterized by atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in the epicardial arteries, whether obstructive or non-obstructive. This process can be modified by lifestyle adjustments, pharmacological therapies, and invasive interventions designed to achieve disease stabilization or regression. The disease can have long, stable periods but can also become unstable at any time, typically due to an acute atherothrombotic event caused by plaque rupture or erosion. However, the disease is chronic, most often progressive, and hence serious, even in clinically apparently silent periods. The dynamic nature of the CAD process results in various clinical presentations, which can be conveniently categorized as either acute coronary syndromes (ACS) or chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). The Guidelines presented here refer to the management of patients with CCS. The natural history of CCS is illustrated in Figure 1.

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2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes.

The talk with present the key results of the IPCC Working Group III 5th assessment report. Concluding four years of intense scientific collaboration by hundreds of authors from around the world, the report responds to the request of the world's governments for a comprehensive, objective and policy neutral assessment of the current scientific knowledge on mitigating climate change. The report has been extensively reviewed by experts and governments to ensure quality and comprehensiveness.

Climate change 2014 - Mitigation of climate change

Abstract Experiments were conducted in an UK inter‐city train carriage with the aim of evaluating the risk of infection to the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus via airborne transmission. The experiments included in‐service CO2 measurements and the measurement of salt aerosol concentrations released within the carriage. Computational fluid dynamics simulations of the carriage airflow were also used to visualise the airflow patterns, and the efficacy of the HVAC filter material was tested in a laboratory. Assuming an infectious person is present, the risk of infection for a 1‐h train journey was estimated to be 6 times lower than for a full day in a well‐ventilated office, or 10–12 times lower than a full day in a poorly ventilated office. While the absolute risk for a typical journey is likely low, in the case where a particularly infectious individual is on‐board, there is the potential for a number of secondary infections to occur during a 1‐h journey. Every effort should therefore be made to minimize the risk of airborne infection within these carriages. Recommendations are also given for the use of CO2 sensors for the evaluation of the risk of airborne transmission on train carriages.

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An evaluation of the risk of airborne transmission of COVID‐19 on an inter‐city train carriage

Pseudo-simultaneous measurements for the spatial distribution of nanoparticles inside a car cabin

Drug susceptibility testing of circulating lung cancer cells for personalized treatment

A two-step greener catalytic process has been developed for the semi-synthesis of (−)-menthol from citronellal-rich essential oils such as Cymbopogon winterianus and Corymbia citriodora by using novel bi-acidic composites. These novel composites (Al-B-NaYZE or Sn-B-NaYZE) were prepared by impregnation of Sn-B and Al-B over NaYZE framework to increase the Lewis and Bronsted acidic sites. These composites were thoroughly characterized using TDP, FT-IR, UV, XRD, SEM, HRTEM, SA, and TGA. The composite Sn-B-NaYZE cyclized 99% of citronellal to isopulegol isomers with 99% selectivity in 45 min under a liquid CO2 medium, while composite Al-B-NaYZE is showing 95% selectivity towards isopulegol isomers. Sn-B-NaYZE displayed enhanced selectivity due to its higher Lewis and Bronsted acidic characteristics. The chiral study indicated that the Sn-B-NaYZE composite is giving the highest selectivity (94%) towards (−)-isopulegol. (+)-Citronellal or citronella essential oil was found as an ideal substrate for (−)-menthol production. It observed that the Sn-B molar ratio over base material NaY-Zeolite played a major role in catalytic activity and selectivity towards (−)-isopulegol. Further, isopulegol isomers were reduced to 98% of menthol using 1%Pd/AC at 40 psi H2 pressure in 1 h. The reaction mixture was slowly frozen to -40 °C for trouble-free isolation of the crude menthol. Further, pharmaceutical and flavor grade (−)-menthol was purified from the crude menthol through an esterification process. This (−)-menthol was found to be 100% biobased on 14C-radiocarbon-dating to authenticate as nature-identical. 

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Exploitation of Liquid CO_2 Based Greener Process for Valorization of Citronellal-Rich Essential Oils Into Flavor Grade (−)-Menthol Using Novel Sn/Al-B-NaYZE Composites

The transportation of ambient particulate matter (PM) from outdoor air into the inlet of a mechanical building ventilation system is poorly understood. No studies have examined the effect commonly used commercial air handling unit (AHU) inlet designs have upon the migration of PM from the ambient environment into the building ventilation system, and implications of this on energy consumption and indoor air quality (IAQ). Through the numerical analysis of commercial AHU inlets, the differences in concentration of PM in ambient air and that within AHUs were determined, more commonly referred to as Aspiration Efficiency (AE %). A 20-50% difference in particle concentrations between ambient air and the in-AHU concentration was observed between forward and rear-facing AHUs relative to ambient wind direction and speed, and at the maximum ventilation flow rate. Furthermore, a decrease in the ventilation flow rates resulted in a significant reduction in PM concentrations entering the rear-facing AHU. Increasing the Stoke number led to lower AE as a continuous decrease was observed for both rear-facing inlets. The findings of this paper show that AHU inlet design has significant implications on IAQ and building energy consumption, and scope exists to design these inlets to impact both aspects positively.

Prashant Kumar

Papers

An evaluation of the risk of airborne transmission of COVID‐19 on an inter‐city train carriage

Pseudo-simultaneous measurements for the spatial distribution of nanoparticles inside a car cabin

Drug susceptibility testing of circulating lung cancer cells for personalized treatment

Exploitation of Liquid CO_2 Based Greener Process for Valorization of Citronellal-Rich Essential Oils Into Flavor Grade (−)-Menthol Using Novel Sn/Al-B-NaYZE Composites

Numerical investigation on the ingress of particulate matter from ambient air into the inlet of a building air handling unit.