René van der Wal

TL;DR: These rapid changes in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems, presage changes at lower latitudes that will affect natural resources, food production, and future climate buffering, and highlight areas of ecological research that deserve priority as the Arctic continues to warm.

TL;DR: Evidence is provided that large parts of the tundra biome can be in either of three relatively discrete vegetation states and that changes in reindeer/caribou density are responsible for sudden, predictable but often reversible state transitions.

TL;DR: The results show that it is possible to predict the impact of habitat change on specific soil organisms depending on their ecology, and the community composition of all groups was related to variation in precipitation within the study area, which shows that external factors, such as those caused by climate change, can have a direct effect on belowground communities.

TL;DR: A need for rigorous evaluation, more comprehensive consideration of social exclusion, frameworks for regulation and increased multi-sector as well as multi-discipline awareness and cooperation is identified.

TL;DR: The field experiment demonstrates that by the production of faeces alone, vertebrate herbivores greatly impact on both above- and belowground components of tundra ecosystems and in doing so manipulate their own food supply.