Showing papers by "Ruchi Tiwari published in 2015"
198 citations
TL;DR: The present review describes etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, pathogenesis, public health significance, and advances in diagnosis, vaccines and treatment of this zoonotic disease.
Abstract: Listeriosis is an infectious and fatal disease of animals, birds, fish, crustaceans and humans. It is an important food-borne zoonosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes, an intracellular pathogen with unique potential to spread from cell to cell, thereby crossing blood-brain, intestinal and placental barriers. The organism possesses a pile of virulence factors that help to infect the host and evade from host immune machinery. Though disease occurrence is sporadic throughout the world, it can result in severe damage during an outbreak. Listeriosis is characterized by septicaemia, encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, abortion, stillbirth, perinatal infections and gastroenteritis with the incubation period varying with the form of infection. L. monocytogenes has been isolated worldwide from humans, animals, poultry, environmental sources like soil, river, decaying plants, and food sources like milk, meat and their products, seafood and vegetables. Since appropriate vaccines are not available and infection is mainly transmitted through foods in humans and animals, hygienic practices can prevent its spread. The present review describes etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, pathogenesis, public health significance, and advances in diagnosis, vaccines and treatment of this disease. Special attention has been given to novel as well as prospective emerging therapies that include bacteriophage and cytokine therapy, avian egg yolk antibodies and herbal therapy. Various vaccines, including advances in recombinant and DNA vaccines and their modes of eliciting immune response, are also discussed. Due focus has also been given regarding appropriate prevention and control strategies to be adapted for better management of this zoonotic disease.
99 citations
72 citations
64 citations
TL;DR: Contagious pustular dermatitis (CPD), also known as Orf or contagious ecthyma is an important viral disease of sheep and goats, mainly seen as a benign disease but malignant form has also been reported from few parts of the world.
Abstract: | Contagious pustular dermatitis (CPD), also known as Orf or contagious ecthyma is an important viral disease of sheep and goats. It is mainly seen as a benign disease but malignant form has also been reported from few parts of the world. The rates of morbidity and mortality are higher, particularly in lambs and kids experiencing the disease for the first time. The causative agent of disease is Orf virus, type species of the genus Parapoxvirus belonging to family Poxviridae. The virus produces localized persistent proliferative skin lesions and affected hosts are infected repeatedly owing to its host immune evasive strategy. These viruses have been found uniformly labile to chloroform but resistant to ether and also exhibit antigenic variations among them. Clinically, the disease is enzootic and occurs in three forms viz. labial, genital / mammary and generalized forms. The incubation period in natural cases is 2-3 weeks. The disease outbreaks mostly occur between autumn and spring but its severity is more in autumn and winter than spring. The virus grows well in cell cultures of caprine, ovine and bovine origin. Confounding symptoms impose laboratory affirmation by serological assays or molecular techniques. The disease can be diagnosed by electron microscopy, serological tests and PCR/ quantitative real-time PCR. Virus specific antibody response to structural proteins of capripox and orf viruses in western-blot analysis readily differentiates these two infections. The antibody response to the 32 kDa and 26 kDa proteins of capripox viruses provides a firm basis for differentiation. Although, the role of humoral immunity is well established but probably cell mediated immunity plays a major role in recovery from natural infections. A number of inactivated and live or live modified vaccines have been tried with variable success. The duration of immunity after vaccination is controversial; outbreaks have occurred in vaccinated animals. The disease is also of public health significance as it causes infection in human beings.
55 citations
TL;DR: Although specific as well as sensitive approaches are available to identify and characterize AvRVs, there is still need to have point-of-care detection assays to review disease burden, contemplate new directions for adopting vaccination and follow improvements in public health measures.
Abstract: Rotaviruses (RVs) are among the leading causes of enteritis and diarrhea in a number of mammalian and avian species, and impose colossal loss to livestock and poultry industry globally. Subsequent to detection of rotavirus in mammalian hosts in 1973, avian rotavirus (AvRV) was first reported in turkey poults in USA during 1977 and since then RVs of group A (RVA), D (RVD), F (RVF) and G (RVG) have been identified around the globe. Besides RVA, other AvRV groups (RVD, RVF and RVG) may also contribute to disease. However, their significance has yet to be unraveled. Under field conditions, co-infection of AvRVs occurs with other infectious agents such as astroviruses, enteroviruses, reoviruses, paramyxovirus, adenovirus, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, cryptosporidium and Eimeria species prospering severity of disease outcome. Birds surviving to RV disease predominantly succumb to secondary bacterial infections, mostly E. coli and Salmonella spp. Recent developments in molecular tools including state-of-the-art diagnostics and vaccine development have led to advances in our understanding towards AvRVs. Development of new generation vaccines using immunogenic antigens of AvRV has to be explored and given due importance. Till now, no effective vaccines are available. Although specific as well as sensitive approaches are available to identify and characterize AvRVs, there is still need to have point-of-care detection assays to review disease burden, contemplate new directions for adopting vaccination and follow improvements in public health measures. This review discusses AvRVs, their epidemiology, pathology and pathogenesis, immunity, recent trends in diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics as well as appropriate prevention and control strategies.
50 citations
TL;DR: This review is compiled in an attempt to provide an overview of the possible PCR-based analytical techniques that could help in identifying the meat species of origin in meat and meat products and threw the light on the identification of species specific peptide biomarkers by proteomic technologies as a new and attractive alternative.
Abstract: | Identification of animal species of origin in meat and meat products is a matter of great concerns such as religious, economical, legal as well as medical aspects. Thus, several analytical techniques have been suggested for the identification of meat species either in individual or in mixed samples to protect consumers from the fraudulent and bad habits of marketing. DNA-based techniques especially the techniques based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are recognized as the most appropriate methods employed for species identification in raw and processed meat. PCR techniques including randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (PCR-RAPD), restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), PCR with species-specific primers, real-time PCR and PCR-nucleotide sequencing allow identification of meat species under different processing conditions. But the variability of DNA content on the level of species as well as target tissue make the DNA-based methods somewhat unsuitable for the quantification of exact percentages of different species in meat and meat products. For these reasons the proteomic approaches depending on identification of different peptide biomarkers has been developed and employed to give information on the different composition of food. To broad the knowledge about these technologies, this review is compiled in an attempt to provide an overview of the possible PCR-based analytical techniques that could help in identifying the meat species of origin in meat and meat products and threw the light on the identification of species specific peptide biomarkers by proteomic technologies as a new and attractive alternative that could overcome some of the limitations that faced DNAbased methods especially when used for meat exposed to intensive heating of processing as well as for meat mixtures.
38 citations
TL;DR: Estimation of the relative sensitivity and specificity of different tests in the present study indicated that “serum ELISA" and “milk ELISA” were good screening tests, add “Milk PCR” was “confirmatory test” for MAP infection.
Abstract: A total of 355 cows were sampled (serum, n = 315; faeces, n = 355; milk, n = 209) from dairy farms located in the Punjab state of India. Faeces and serum/milk samples were screened by acid fast staining and "indigenous ELISA," respectively. IS900 PCR was used to screen faeces and milk samples. Bio-load of MAP in dairy cows was 36.9, 15.6, 16.3, and 14.4%, using microscopy, serum ELISA, milk ELISA and milk PCR, respectively. Estimated kappa values between different test combinations: serum and milk ELISA, faecal microscopy and faecal PCR, milk ELISA and milk PCR, faecal PCR and serum ELISA were 0.325, 0.241, 0.682, and 0.677, respectively. Estimation of the relative sensitivity and specificity of different tests in the present study indicated that "serum ELISA" and "milk ELISA" were good screening tests, add "milk PCR" was "confirmatory test" for MAP infection. Combination of milk ELISA with milk PCR may be adopted as a model strategy for screening and diagnosis of JD in lactating/dairy cattle herds in Indian conditions.
27 citations
TL;DR: The use of vaccine with adjuvant showed achieving antibody titres nearly 8500, titre considered as highly protective, which indicates that co-immunization of HMGB1ΔC may have a strong adjUvant activity on CIAV DNA vaccine induced immune responses.
26 citations
TL;DR: Enteric-coated HPMC capsules plugged with 5-FU-loaded microsponges and calcium pectinate beads proved to be a promising dosage form for colon targeting.
Abstract: Introduction: The work was aimed to develop an enteric-coated hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) capsules (ECHC) plugged with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-loaded microsponges in combination with calcium pectinate beads. Materials and Methods: The modified quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method was used to prepare microsponges. A 32 factorial design was employed to study the formulation and the effects of independent variables (volume of organic solvent and Eudragit-RS100 content) on dependent variables (particle size, %entrapment efficiency, and %cumulative drug release). The optimized microsponge (F4) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. F4 was plugged along with the calcium pectinate beads in HPMC capsules coated with enteric polymer Eudragit-L100 (Ed-L100) and/or Eudragit-S100 (Ed-S100) in different proportions. An in vitro release study of ECHC was performed in simulated gastric fluid for 2 h, followed by simulated intestinal fluid for next 6 h and then in simulated colonic fluid (in the presence and absence of pectinase enzyme for further 16 h). The optimized formulation was subjected to in vivo roentgenographic and pharmacokinetic studies in New Zealand white rabbits to analyze the in vivo behavior of the developed colon-targeted capsules. Results: Drug release was retarded on coating with Ed-S100 in comparison to a blend of Ed-S100:Ed-L100 coating. The percentage of 5-FU released at the end of 24 h from ECHC3 was 97.83 ± 0.12% in the presence of pectinase whereas in the control study, it was 40.08 ± 0.02%. Conclusion: Thus, enteric-coated HPMC capsules plugged with 5-FU-loaded microsponges and calcium pectinate beads proved to be a promising dosage form for colon targeting.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a modified quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method was used to formulate microsponges based on 32 factorial design and the effects of independent variables (volume of organic solvent and Eudragit RS100 content) on the dependent variables (Particle size, %EE & % CDR) were determined.
Abstract: The work was aimed at developing novel enteric coated HPMC capsules (ECHC) plugged with 5 Florouracil (5-FU) loaded Microsponges in combination with calcium pectinate beads. Modified quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method was used to formulate microsponges based on 32 factorial design and the effects of independent variables (volume of organic solvent and Eudragit RS100 content) on the dependent variables (Particle size, %EE & % CDR) were determined. The optimized microsponges (F4) were characterized by SEM, PXRD, TGA and were plugged along with calcium pectinate beads in HPMC capsules and the HPMC capsules were further coated with enteric polymer Eudragit L 100 (Ed-L100) and/ or Eudrgit S 100 (Ed-S 100) in different proportions. In vitro release study of ECHC was performed in various release media sequentially SGF for 2 h, followed by SIF for the next 6 h and then in SCF (in the presence and absence of pectinase enzyme for further 16 h). Drug release was retarded on coating with EdS-100 in comparison to blend of EdS-100: EdL-100 coating. The percentage of 5-FU released at the end of 24 h from ECHC 3 was 97.83 ± 0.12% in the presence of pectinase whereas in control study it was 40.08 ± 0.02% drug. The optimized formulation was subjected to in vivo Roentgenographic studies in New Zealand white rabbits to analyze the in vivo behavior of the developed colon targeted capsules. Pharmacokinetic studies in New Zealand white rabbits were conducted to determine the extent of systemic exposure provided by the developed formulation in comparison to 5-FU aqueous solutions. Thus, enteric coated HPMC capsules plugged with 5-FU loaded microsponges and calcium pectinate beads proved to be promising dosage form for colon targeted drug delivery to treat colorectal cancer.
TL;DR: Main features of rhinosporidiosis are illustrated and systematic approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of this controversial pathogen are illustrated.
Abstract: | Rhinosporidiosis is a non-contagious, sporadic, chronic granulomatous infection of man and large domestic animals, characterised by the production of large polyps with high recurrence rate. Polyps occur mainly in nasal, ocular regions; cutaneous and disseminated forms are relatively rare. Spread of these organisms to other areas in an affected person may involve blood, lymph or auto infection. Rhinosporidiosis has been reported form more than 70 countries and mainly the reports are concentrated from Sri Lanka and Southern India. Surgical removal of the polyp will be the cure and in some cases dapsone has given some cure. From the day of inception of this disease there had been a controversy for causative agent of this condition among eukaryotic protozoan parasite or algae or fungi or prokaryotic blue green algae which finally confirmed as a fungi Rhinosporidium seeberi. Recent works by various researchers shows that R. seeberi belong to the class Mesomycetozoea. Other mystery remains in its habitat and its inability to be cultured on laboratory media. Similarly, laboratory animal infection does not yield classical form of disease as it does in human and large animals. The pathogen is so mysterious that the mechanism behind evasion of immune mechanism is also not clear. Still various aspects of disease such as mode of transmission, mechanism of infection, biology of rhinosporidiosis, immunological response and laboratory culture techniques are unresolved mysteries due to paucity of documented data which demands more exploration. This review illustrates main features of rhinosporidiosis and systematic approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of this controversial pathogen.
TL;DR: The results supported the fact that subclinical CIAV infections are also immunodepressive in nature; the virus replicates in primary lymphoid tissues and induces immunosuppression by decreasing both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in chicks.
Abstract: Chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) is an economically important pathogen affect- ing poultry industry worldwide, and renders birds susceptible to secondary infections. The present study was designed to investigate the systemic immunosuppressive effects of CIAV on T lympho- cytes bearing CD4 and CD8 receptors using flow cytometry and hematological parameters during experimental subclinical infection in chicks. Forty specific pathogen free (SPF) chicks of 6 weeks of age were randomly and equally divided into two groups. Infected group received 10 4.5 TCID 50 of CIAV while control chicks were mock inoculated. All the chicks were regularly monitored for clinical signs, hematology parameters and CD4 + and CD8 + cell populations in spleen and blood. The experimental CIAV infection was confirmed by PCR testing of the tissue samples of experimental chicks, using VP2 gene specific primers, which yielded an expected amplicon size of 651 base pairs. The analysis of the hematological parameters showed significant decline in hematocrit value (PCV), total leukocyte count (TLC) and peripheral lymphocyte count (PLC) after 15 days post infection (dpi) but with no clinical signs of CIA. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the percentage of CD4 + CD8 - and CD4 - CD8 + T cells significantly decreased in the virus infected chicks at 15 dpi both in the spleen and blood (p<0.05). The results supported the fact that subclinical CIAV infections are also immunodepressive in nature; the virus replicates in primary lymphoid tissues and induces immunosuppression by decreasing both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in chicks.
TL;DR: The present study demonstrated bacterial etiology of skin affections and their antibiogram profiling of different animal species of various age groups and strongly recommended the use of antimicrobial sensitivity testing to know the rapidly changing pattern of antibiotic activity.
Abstract: The present study demonstrated bacterial etiology of skin affections and their antibiogram profiling of different animal species of various age groups. A total of 255 samples from cattle, buffalo, dogs, goats, sheep, camel and horses were collected over a period of two years (2012-2014) from Mathura, (U.P.) India, and nearby surrounding areas. Clinical samples were collected from variety of skin disorders, subjected to laboratory isolation and identifica- tion as per standard protocols. The bacterial infection, Staphylococcus aureus, was the most common isolate (36.22 %), followed by E. coli (34.59 %), Pseudomonas (20.54), Bacillus (16.21), Klebsiella (12.43), Micrococcus spp (8.11 %), Strep- tococcus pyogens (7.56), Proteus (6.49), Clostridium (3.78), Gram negative non-lactose fermenter (2.7%), Gram positive non-spore producing bacilli (2.16) and Fusobacterium (0.54 %). Bacterial isolates obtained were subjected to in vitro antibiotic sensitivity testing by disc diffusion method against 23 commercially available antimicrobial discs. Results of the current study revealed maximum sensitivity to gatifloxacin (94.03%), amikacin (85.7%), mild sensitivity to spar- floxacin (44.85%) and gentamicin (43.48%); emergence of multi-drug resistant bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E.coli appeared to be an important finding. Present study is intended to document the complex microbial inhabitants of wounds from animals and their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern and strongly recommended the use of antimicrobial sensitivity testing to know the rapidly changing pattern of antibiotic activity. The study will further aid to the existing literature for planning new alternative therapeutic strategies against rising global health havoc of multidrug resistance.
TL;DR: The present findings support that Immon is an effective immunomodulating agent in CIAV affected birds, reduces pathogenicity of the virus, ameliorate the depressed immune responses and protects the virus induced adverse effects on growth performances.
Abstract: The present investigation was undertaken to assess the role of a polyherbal immunomodulator with additional elements (Immon) against the Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) infection. A total of 60 broiler chicks (day old age) were divided into three groups (n = 20) and vaccinated against Newcastle Disease (ND). The group I chicks were kept as healthy control while group II and III chicks were infected with 1 mL CIAV (10 TCID50/0.1 mL) per chicken intramuscularly. Group III chicks were supplemented with Immon (1 mL/10 birds in the drinking water) for 21 days. Subsequently, chicks of all three groups were monitored for hematological (Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and DLC) and biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, ALP and uric acid) along with ND antibody titers, organ: body weight ratios, and mean live body weight at 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th day of the experiment. At 7-24 days of CIAV infection, the group II birds showed a significantly lower count of erythroid and myeloid cells; increase in enzyme activities and uric acid; decline in mean live body weight and organ: body weight ratios of lymphoid organs and decline in ND antibody titers. However, at these day intervals the CIAV immunosuppression was less severe in Immon supplemented chicks which showed significantly (p<0.05) higher values of all the test parameters as compared to virus control group II chicks. Thus, the present findings support that Immon is an effective immunomodulating agent in CIAV affected birds, reduces pathogenicity of the virus, ameliorate the depressed immune responses and protects the virus induced adverse effects on growth performances.
01 Oct 2015
TL;DR: This book aims to provide an idea of the efforts towards in-situ applicability of EMT in the field of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology.
Abstract: Tarun Sadana, Ran Vir Singh, Shoor Vir Singh*, Vishesh Kumar Saxena, Deepak Sharma, Pravin Kumar Singh, Naveen Kumar, Saurabh Gupta, Kundan Kumar Chaubey, Sujata Jayaraman, Ruchi Tiwari, Kuldeep Dhama, Ashok Kumar Bhatia and Jagdip Singh Sohal* Division of Animal Genetics and Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 234 122, India Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura 281 122, India Department of Microbiology, King George Medical University, Lucknow 226 003, India Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, Jaipur 303 002, India Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura 281001, India Department of Microbiology and Immunology, GLA University, Chaumuhan, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Need of an earliest identification of the causative micro-organisms for rational therapy is emphasised by utilising the conventional laboratory and modern molecular tools of diagnosis to prevent the economic loss and life of animals.
Abstract: Liver is the chief organ of the body and is exposed to so many toxic and non-toxic exposures which cause potential damage to its functions. The paper described an incidence of hepatic abscesses in 3.5-year old Muzzaffarnagari ram caused by Escherichia coli. Study portrayed isolation and confirmation of causative agent by microbiological, histopathological and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Necropsy revealed multiple greyish white, round to oval spherical nodules (2–4 cm in diameter) over the diaphragmatic, right and left lobes of liver and spleen yielding thick creamy yellow pus upon incision. Histopathologically, severe hepatic destruction and hepatocytes as icebergs in the sea of inflammatory cells and bile duct hyperplasia were recorded. Microbiological examination revealed Gram negative, motile E. coli sensitive to only four antibiotic drugs, namely, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gatifloxacin. Species-specific PCR targeting Universal stress protein A (uspA) gene confirmed the bacterial isolate as E. coli. Study emphasised need of an earliest identification of the causative micro-organisms for rational therapy by utilising the conventional laboratory and modern molecular tools of diagnosis to prevent the economic loss and life of animals.