There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

A diverse spectrum of technology drivers such as improved thermal barriers, higher efficiency thermoelectric energy conversion, phase-change memory, heat-assisted magnetic recording, thermal management of nanoscale electronics, and nanoparticles for thermal medical therapies are motivating studies of the applied physics of thermal transport at the nanoscale. This review emphasizes developments in experiment, theory, and computation in the past ten years and summarizes the present status of the field. Interfaces become increasingly important on small length scales. Research during the past decade has extended studies of interfaces between simple metals and inorganic crystals to interfaces with molecular materials and liquids with systematic control of interface chemistry and physics. At separations on the order of ∼1 nm, the science of radiative transport through nanoscale gaps overlaps with thermal conduction by the coupling of electronic and vibrational excitations across weakly bonded or rough interface...

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Nanoscale thermal transport. II. 2003–2012

The smart grid concept continues to evolve and various methods have been developed to enhance the energy efficiency of the electricity infrastructure. Demand Response (DR) is considered as the most cost-effective and reliable solution for the smoothing of the demand curve, when the system is under stress. DR refers to a procedure that is applied to motivate changes in the customers' power consumption habits, in response to incentives regarding the electricity prices. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of various DR schemes and programs, based on the motivations offered to the consumers to participate in the program. We classify the proposed DR schemes according to their control mechanism, to the motivations offered to reduce the power consumption and to the DR decision variable. We also present various optimization models for the optimal control of the DR strategies that have been proposed so far. These models are also categorized, based on the target of the optimization procedure. The key aspects that should be considered in the optimization problem are the system's constraints and the computational complexity of the applied optimization algorithm.

A Survey on Demand Response Programs in Smart Grids: Pricing Methods and Optimization Algorithms

Introduction to heat transfer

High-level applications, such as machine learning, are evolving from simple models based on multilayer perceptrons for simple image recognition to much deeper and more complex neural networks for self-driving vehicle control systems.The rapid increase in the consumption of memory and computational resources by these models demands the use of multi-core parallel systems to scale the execution of the complex emerging applications that depend on them. However, parallel programs running on high-performance computers often suffer from data communication bottlenecks, limited memory bandwidth, and synchronization overhead due to irregular critical sections. In this paper, we propose a framework to reduce the data communication and improve the scalability and performance of these applications in multi-core systems. We design a vertex cut framework for partitioning LLVM IR graphs into clusters while taking into consideration the data communication and workload balance among clusters. First, we construct LLVM graphs by compiling high-level programs into LLVM IR, instrumenting code to obtain the execution order of basic blocks and the execution time for each memory operation, and analyze data dependencies in dynamic LLVM traces. Next, we formulate the problem as Weight Balanced $p$-way Vertex Cut, and propose a generic and flexible framework, wherein four different greedy algorithms are proposed for solving this problem. Lastly, we propose a memory-centric run-time mapping of the linear time complexity to map clusters generated from the vertex cut algorithms onto a multi-core platform. We conclude that our best algorithm, WB-Libra, provides performance improvements of 1.56x and 1.86x over existing state-of-the-art approaches for 8 and 1024 clusters running on a multi-core platform, respectively.

A Vertex Cut based Framework for Load Balancing and Parallelism Optimization in Multi-core Systems.

Cloud computing has attracted both end-users and Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) in recent years. Improving resource utilization rate (RUtR), such as CPU and memory usages on servers, while maintaining Quality-of-Service (QoS) is one key challenge faced by CSPs with warehouse-scale data centers. Prior works proposed various algorithms to reduce energy cost or to improve RUtR, which either lack the fine-grained task scheduling capabilities, or fail to take a comprehensive system model into consideration. This article presents H2O-Cloud, a Hierarchical and Hybrid Online task scheduling framework for warehouse-scale CSPs, to improve resource usage effectiveness while maintaining QoS. H2O-Cloud is highly scalable and considers comprehensive information such as various workload scenarios, cloud platform configurations, user request information and dynamic pricing model. The hierarchy and hybridity of the framework, combined with its deep reinforcement learning (DRL) engines, enable H2O-Cloud to efficiently start on-the-go scheduling and learning in an unpredictable environment without pre-training. Our experiments confirm the high efficiency of the proposed H2O-Cloud when compared to baseline approaches, in terms of energy and cost while maintaining QoS. Compared with a state-of-the-art DRL-based algorithm, H2O-Cloud achieves up to 201.17% energy cost efficiency improvement, 47.88% energy efficiency improvement and 551.76% reward rate improvement.

H2O-Cloud: A Resource and Quality of Service-Aware Task Scheduling Framework for Warehouse-Scale Data Centers -- A Hierarchical Hybrid DRL (Deep Reinforcement Learning) based Approach

A cell delay model based on rate-of-current-change is presented, which accounts for the impact of the shape of the noisy waveform on the output voltage waveform. More precisely, a pre-characterized table of time derivatives of the output current as a function of input voltage and output load values is constructed. The data in this table, in combination with the Taylor series expansion of the output current, is utilized to progressively compute the output current waveform, which is then integrated to produce the output voltage waveform. Experimental results show the effectiveness and efficiency of this new delay model.

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Cell Delay Analysis Based on Rate-of-Current Change

Cloud computing has attracted both end-users and cloud service providers (CSPs) in recent years. Improving resource utilization rate (RUtR), such as CPU and memory usages on servers, while maintaining quality of service (QoS) is one key challenge faced by CSPs with warehouse-scale datacenters. Prior works proposed various algorithms to reduce energy cost or to improve RUtR, which either lack the fine-grained task scheduling capabilities, or fail to take a comprehensive system model into consideration. This article presents H2O-Cloud, a Hierarchical and Hybrid Online task scheduling framework for warehouse-scale Cloud service providers, to improve resource usage effectiveness while maintaining QoS. H2O-Cloud is highly scalable and considers comprehensive information, such as various workload scenarios, cloud platform configurations, user request information, and dynamic pricing model. The hierarchy and hybridity of the framework, combined with its deep reinforcement learning (DRL) engines, enable H2O-Cloud to efficiently start on-the-go scheduling and learning in an unpredictable environment without pretraining. Our experiments confirm the high efficiency of the proposed H2O-Cloud when compared to baseline approaches, in terms of energy and cost while maintaining QoS. Compared with a state-of-the-art DRL-based algorithm, H2O-Cloud achieves up to 201.17% energy cost efficiency improvement, 47.88% energy efficiency improvement, and 551.76% reward rate improvement.

H2O-Cloud: A Resource and Quality of Service-Aware Task Scheduling Framework for Warehouse-Scale Data Centers

Traditional logical equivalence checking (LEC) which plays a major role in entire chip design process faces challenges of meeting the requirements demanded by the many emerging technologies that are based on logic models different from standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS). In this paper, we propose a LEC framework to be employed in the verification process of beyond-CMOS circuits. Our LEC framework is compatible with existing CMOS technologies, but, also able to check features and capabilities that are unique to beyond-CMOS technologies. For instance, the performance of some emerging technologies benefits from ultra-deep pipelining and verification of such circuits requires new models and algorithms. We, therefore, present the Multi-Cycle Input Dependency (MCID) circuit model which is a novel model representation of design to explicitly capture the dependency of primary outputs of the circuit on sequences of internal signals and inputs. Embedding the proposed circuit model and several structural checking modules, the process of verification can be independent of the underlying technology and signaling. We benchmark the proposed framework on post-synthesis rapid single-flux-quantum (RSFQ) netlists. Results show a comparative verification time of RSFQ circuit benchmark including 32-bit Kogge-Stone adder, 16-bit integer divider, and ISCAS'85 circuits with respect to ABC tool for similar CMOS circuits.

Shahin Nazarian

Papers

A Vertex Cut based Framework for Load Balancing and Parallelism Optimization in Multi-core Systems.

H2O-Cloud: A Resource and Quality of Service-Aware Task Scheduling Framework for Warehouse-Scale Data Centers -- A Hierarchical Hybrid DRL (Deep Reinforcement Learning) based Approach

Cell Delay Analysis Based on Rate-of-Current Change

H2O-Cloud: A Resource and Quality of Service-Aware Task Scheduling Framework for Warehouse-Scale Data Centers

Logic Verification of Ultra-Deep Pipelined Beyond-CMOS Technologies.