/pdf/a-break-in-the-clouds-towards-a-cloud-definition-svovsw1r5a.pdf

A Break in the Clouds: Towards a Cloud Definition

Multilisp is a version of the Lisp dialect Scheme extended with constructs for parallel execution. Like Scheme, Multilisp is oriented toward symbolic computation. Unlike some parallel programming languages, Multilisp incorporates constructs for causing side effects and for explicitly introducing parallelism. The potential complexity of dealing with side effects in a parallel context is mitigated by the nature of the parallelism constructs and by support for abstract data types: a recommended Multilisp programming style is presented which, if followed, should lead to highly parallel, easily understandable programs.Multilisp is being implemented on the 32-processor Concert multiprocessor; however, it is ultimately intended for use on larger multiprocessors. The current implementation, called Concert Multilisp, is complete enough to run the Multilisp compiler itself and has been run on Concert prototypes including up to eight processors. Concert Multilisp uses novel techniques for task scheduling and garbage collection. The task scheduler helps control excessive resource utilization by means of an unfair scheduling policy; the garbage collector uses a multiprocessor algorithm based on the incremental garbage collector of Baker.

/pdf/multilisp-a-language-for-concurrent-symbolic-computation-2je5ymy3rh.pdf

MULTILISP: a language for concurrent symbolic computation

When distributed systems first appeared, they were programmed in traditional sequential languages, usually with the addition of a few library procedures for sending and receiving messages. As distributed applications became more commonplace and more sophisticated, this ad hoc approach became less satisfactory. Researchers all over the world began designing new programming languages specifically for implementing distributed applications. These languages and their history, their underlying principles, their design, and their use are the subject of this paper.We begin by giving our view of what a distributed system is, illustrating with examples to avoid confusion on this important and controversial point. We then describe the three main characteristics that distinguish distributed programming languages from traditional sequential languages, namely, how they deal with parallelism, communication, and partial failures. Finally, we discuss 15 representative distributed languages to give the flavor of each. These examples include languages based on message passing, rendezvous, remote procedure call, objects, and atomic transactions, as well as functional languages, logic languages, and distributed data structure languages. The paper concludes with a comprehensive bibliography listing over 200 papers on nearly 100 distributed programming languages.

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Programming languages for distributed computing systems

A document localization, management and delivery system in a computer environment. A preferred embodiment of the invention automatically determines the language and country of a Web site visitor and directs the Web server to deliver the appropriate localized content contained in a country/language database to the visitor's browser. The visitor's browser is notified of the proper font and content encoding needed to display the selected language and is allowed to download the font. A toolkit is provided which allows a master site to be built that is language and country-independent. The actual language and country content is placed in a language/country database where it is easily managed and maintained. When a visitor enters the site, the requested document is automatically served in the visitor's language and for the visitor's country by filling in a document template from the master site with the correct language content from the language/country database. A viewer allows the developer to view and debug the document template as it appears to a visitor in any of the available language content from the language/country database.

Multilingual electronic document translation, management, and delivery system

THE distinguished author of “Why the Mind has a Body” is one of the most original and fearless philosophers of the school which labels itself “Critical Realism.” The present short volume, though it is written with all the freshness and vigour we associate with his work, is frankly disappointing. This is because, instead of stating his theory and advancing his argument from his own point of view, he develops it by means of a rather tedious criticism of Mr. Bradley, Mr. Russell, M. Bergson, and other philosophers. His own theory rests, he tells us, on two assumptions: first, that there is a world; second, that there is a self. Nature, he is convinced, is really what it appears to be, and the self is an outgrowth of nature, though in some of its manifestations rising above it. It seems to us that the primary difficulty of such assumptions is that they conflict with physical science and are irreconcilable with the scientific concepts of nature and self. In philosophy, assumptions in the premises have a curious knack of turning up in the conclusion so that no real progress can be made, but they are otherwise harmless enough. Scientific reality is a question of real metaphysical interest at the present time, but it finds no place in this theory, which is mainly concerned with the question of sense-data.A Theory of Knowledge.Charles AugustusStrongBy. Pp. xii+103. (London, Bombay and Sydney: Constable and Co., Ltd., 1923.) 6s. net.

Theory of Knowledge

Digital Libraries: Achievements, Challenges and Opportunities

Since a library is inherently multi-lingual, a multi-linguid document environment is crucial for a digital library. In the near future, worldwide information sharing through digital libraries will be common. Currently, multi-lingual documents are poorly facilitated on computers and the Internet. It is impractical to consider installing fonts for all character sets in every user’s terminal. This paper presents a multilingual document browsing tool for a user with no multilingual fonts on his or her terminal. It discusses several methods for browsing multi-linguaJ documents and proposes a browser which sends a text string with the font glyphs required to display the text. It also gives the evaluation result of the browser.

A browsing tool of multi-lingual documents for users without multi-lingual fonts

national network, and a multilingual browser is an essential tool for international access to and sharing of global information. The Web has expanded very rapidly worldwide. We can easily access a document from a foreign site using an off-the-shelf browser. However, that browser is usually capable of showing only documents written in English and a local language, not those written in other languages. The principal problem preventing users from browsing documents written in a foreign A new technology allows users to browse multilingual documents on the Internet. language is the lack of both a font for the language and a display function to process multiple character codes. We developed a technology called MHTML to browse multilingual documents on an off-the-shelf Web browser, and applied the technology to a multilingual gateway service to browse foreign documents and to a multilingual electronic text collection of Japanese folk tales [2, 3, 4]. MHTML technology is composed of three elements: The MHTML document object is a package containing a source text string and the minimum set of glyphs required to display the text. An HTML text specified by a URL in an applet tag to invoke the MHTML viewer is converted into an MHTML document object on the fly and sent to the viewer by an MHTML server. (A glyph of a character is a graphical entity used to display or print the character. A minimum set of glyphs for a text is a set of glyphs for all of the distinct characters that appear in the text.) The MHTML viewer, implemented as a Java applet, displays an MHTML document object on a Web browser using only the glyphs enclosed in the object. The MHTML server, with the viewer applet and a font bank, converts an HTML document into MHTML using the glyphs defined in the font bank. The four major advantages of MHTML technology begin with its simple user environment where the user installs only a Java-enabled browser. Secondly, the number of distinct characters used in a source text is much smaller than the total number of characters of the text. We found the ratio between the length of an MTHML document object and its source text was approximately 2:1 to 3:1 in the case of scientific articles written in Japanese. (The source Japanese character is encoded in two bytes. The font glyph is the bitmap data of a character, and its size …

Viewing multilingual documents on your local Web browser

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics of managing records in a cloud computing environment and compare these with existing archiving models, exemplified by the open archival information system (OAIS) reference model.Design/methodology/approach – The authors compare the functional entities in OAIS with a layered model of cloud computing, in which services are abstracted and shared between layers.Findings – It is concluded that there are a number of areas where OAIS does not integrate well with cloud computing systems. Based on the findings, a new layered model for a cloud archiving system is defined using the concepts and information types from the OAIS reference model. The proposed model allows the sharing of functionality and information objects by making them available as services to higher layers. The model covers the entire document lifecycle, making archive functionality such as preservation planning possible at an early stage and helping to simplify records transfer.R...

Preserving records in the cloud

Enterprises are focusing more and more on knowledge issues for global product development. This paper describes knowledge evolution processes in product development activities and proposes a knowledge evaluation method in product lifecycle design. The paper also theoretically analyzes the evaluation model and illustrates how knowledge values can be assessed by case study. The case study shows how knowledge values calculated by the model can provide suggestions about which knowledge to choose and what to do next. The knowledge evaluation model serves as a useful tool for managing knowledge in product lifecycle design and support.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01091164/document

Shigeo Sugimoto

Papers

Digital Libraries: Achievements, Challenges and Opportunities

A browsing tool of multi-lingual documents for users without multi-lingual fonts

Viewing multilingual documents on your local Web browser

Preserving records in the cloud

Knowledge evaluation in product lifecycle design and support