There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Generations Yi Ma,† Xiuli Wang,† Yushuai Jia,† Xiaobo Chen,‡ Hongxian Han,*,† and Can Li*,† †State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China ‡Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States

Titanium dioxide-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic fuel generations.

■ CONTENTS General Information: Books, Reviews, and Conferences 640 Fundamentals 641 Interaction of Laser Beam with Matter 641 Factors Affecting Laser Ablation and LaserInduced Plasma Formation 642 Influence of Target on the Laser-Induced Plasmas 642 Influence of Laser Parameters on the LaserInduced Plasmas 643 Laser Wavelength (λ) 643 Laser Pulse Duration (τ) 643 Laser Pulse Energy (E) 645 Influence of Ambient Gas on the Laser-Induced Plasmas 645 LIBS Methods 647 Double Pulse LIBS 647 Femtosecond LIBS 651 Resonant LIBS 652 Ranging Approaches 652 Applications 654 Surface Inspection, Depth Profiling, and LIBS Imaging 654 Cultural Heritage 654 Industrial Analysis 655 Environmental Monitoring 656 Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Analysis 658 Security and Forensics 659 Analysis of Liquids and Submerged Solids 660 Space Exploration and Isotopic Analysis 662 Space Exploration 662 Isotopic Analysis 662 Conclusions and Future Outlook 663 Author Information 664 Corresponding Author 664 Notes 664 Biographies 664 Acknowledgments 664 References 664

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.

Laser-based additive manufacturing (LBAM) processes can be utilized to generate functional parts (or prototypes) from the ground-up via layer-wise cladding – providing an opportunity to generate complex-shaped, functionally graded or custom-tailored parts that can be utilized for a variety of engineering applications. Directed Energy Deposition (DED), utilizes a concentrated heat source, which may be a laser or electron beam, with in situ delivery of powder- or wire-shaped material for subsequent melting to accomplish layer-by-layer part fabrication or single-to-multi layer cladding/repair. Direct Laser Deposition (DLD), a form of DED, has been investigated heavily in the last several years as it provides the potential to (i) rapidly prototype metallic parts, (ii) produce complex and customized parts, (iii) clad/repair precious metallic components and (iv) manufacture/repair in remote or logistically weak locations. DLD and Powder Bed Fusion-Laser (PBF-L) are two common LBAM processes for additive metal part fabrication and are currently demonstrating their ability to revolutionize the manufacturing industry; breaking barriers imposed via traditional, ‘subtractive’ metalworking processes. This article provides an overview of the major advancements, challenges and physical attributes related to DLD, and is one of two Parts focused specifically on DLD. Part I (this article) focuses on describing the thermal/fluidic phenomena during the powder-fed DLD process, while Part II focuses on the mechanical properties and microstructure of parts manufactured via DLD. In this current article, a selection of recent research efforts – including methodology, models and experimental results – will be provided in order to educate the reader of the thermal/fluidic processes that occur during DLD, as well as providing important background information relevant to DLD as a whole. The thermal/fluid phenomena inherent to DLD directly influence the solidification heat transfer which thus impacts the part's microstructure and associated thermo-mechanical properties. A thorough understanding of the thermal/fluid aspects inherent to DLD is vital for optimizing the DLD process and ensuring consistent, high-quality parts.

An overview of Direct Laser Deposition for additive manufacturing; Part I: Transport phenomena, modeling and diagnostics

Hydrogen (H2) production via photocatalytic water splitting is one of the most promising technologies for clean solar energy conversion to emerge in recent decades. The achievement of energy production from water splitting would mean that we could use water as a fuel for future energy need. Among the various photocatalytic materials, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the dominant and most widely studied because of its exceptional physico-chemical characteristics. Surface decoration of metal/non-metal on TiO2 nanoparticles is an outstanding technique to revamp its electronic properties and enrich the H2 production efficiency. Metal dopants play a vital role in separation of electron-hole pairs on the TiO2 surface during UV/visible/simulated solar light irradiation. In this paper, the basic principles, photocatalytic-reactor design, kinetics, key findings, and the mechanism of metal-doped TiO2 are comprehensively reviewed. We found that Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model is commonly employed by the researchers to demonstrate the rate of H2 production. Copper (Cu), gold (Au) and platinum (Pt) are the most widely studied dopants for TiO2, owing to their superior work function. The metal dopants can amplify the H2 production efficiency of TiO2 through Schottky barrier formation, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), generation of gap states by interaction with TiO2 VB states. The recent advances and important consequences of 2D materials, perovskites, and other novel photocatalysts for H2 generation have also been reviewed.

Photocatalytic hydrogen production using metal doped TiO2: A review of recent advances

Anisotrpic friction behavior of charcoal and the influence of humidity

Introduction: Clinical history, symptoms, lab parameter along with radiological investigation help in the diagnosis and management of spondyloarthritis (SpA). However, spondyloarthritis manage mainly by NSAIDs.NSAIDs can cause subclinical renal injury which is not manifest in routine renal function tests (like serum creatinine). Published case series among ankylosing spondylitis patients have shown the prevalence of renal complication 72% higher than the general population. A limited number of studies are present on evaluating the effect of NSAIDs on changes in the level of cystatin-c. So here we studied the change in parameters of serum creatinine and cystatin-c level after the use of NSAIDs in the setting of SpA. Objective: To study the relation of the duration of use of NSAIDs in Spondyloarthritis patients and the incidence of subclinical kidney injury by comparing serum creatinine with serum cystatin-c. Methods: A hospital-based prospective observational study carried out over one year in IMS and SUM hospital over 31 patients on spondyloarthritis patients. Where the level of serum creatinine and cystatin-c level calculated on the baseline, four weeks and twelve-week. Results: Patients using a different type of NSAIDs there is no significant change in serum creatinine value (p=0.546).while a significant change in serum cystatin-c level (p<0.012) was observed over twelve weeks Conclusion: There is no significant change in serum creatinine value after intake of NSAIDs.while significant change in serum cystatin-c value which increases two or three-fold higher than initial value and therefore it is concluded that serum cystatin-c can be used as an early biomarker for subclinical kidney injury than serum creatinine.

/pdf/study-of-renal-adverse-effects-of-nsaids-used-in-geicku3mxz.pdf

Study of Renal Adverse Effects of Nsaids Used in Spondyloarthritis Patients

Ti/Al multilayer thin films with precise thickness have been deposited using a combination of dc and rf magnetron sputtering techniques Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed unmixed fifteen parallel and alternate layers of Ti and Al with sharp interfaces, each measuring 27 nm and 15 nm in thickness, respectively The Ti layer was composed of hcp and fcc phases while the Al layer was fcc Both x-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis confirmed the identity of these phases Detection of fcc-Ti in as-deposited the Ti/Al multilayer thin film by XRD established that the fcc-Ti phase is not an artifact of TEM sample preparation, as have been envisaged by some of the previous researchers The fcc-Ti phase appeared when dual rf guns were used for Ti deposition and the diffraction peak intensity corresponding to fcc phase increased when the gun power was raised A modified equation of state based thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the formation of hcp phase as opposed to the thermodynamically stable fcc phase of pure Ti is due to crystallite size reduction and not impurity driven

Face-centered-cubic titanium in Ti/Al multilayer thin films synthesized by magnetron sputtering technique

Nanotechnology in Energy Technology

Positron depth profiling studies using variable positron beam were carried out to study the defect layer evolved in partially dealloyed Fe+ implanted Ag75Au25. Fe+ implantation to Ag75Au25 followed by partial dissolution leads to evolution of two distinct defect layer structures near to the surface of the corrosion region and the in the region close to the Fe+ implanted region.

Sitaram Dash

Papers

Anisotrpic friction behavior of charcoal and the influence of humidity

Study of Renal Adverse Effects of Nsaids Used in Spondyloarthritis Patients

Face-centered-cubic titanium in Ti/Al multilayer thin films synthesized by magnetron sputtering technique

Nanotechnology in Energy Technology

Defects in partially dealloyed Fe+ implanted Ag75Au25