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Showing papers by "Stéphane Laurent published in 2005"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data concerning the heritability of arterial stiffness are reviewed, and an integrated view of the structural and genetic determinants of arterials stiffness is proposed, based on a candidate gene approach and recent studies on gene expression profile.
Abstract: Arterial stiffness has independent predictive value for cardiovascular events. We review data concerning the heritability of arterial stiffness, and propose an integrated view of the structural and genetic determinants of arterial stiffness, based on a candidate gene approach and recent studies on gene expression profile. Arterial stiffness seems to have a genetic component, which is largely independent of the influence of blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors. In animal models of essential hypertension (SHR and SHR-SP), structural modifications of the arterial wall include an increase in the number of elastin/smooth muscle cell (SMC) connections, and smaller fenestrations of the internal elastic lamina, possibly leading to redistribution of the mechanical load toward elastic materials. These modifications may give rise to mechanisms that explain why changes in arterial wall material accompanying wall hypertrophy in these animals are not associated with an increase in arterial stiffness. In monogenic connective tissue diseases (Marfan, Williams, and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes) and the corresponding animal models, precise characterization of the arterial phenotype makes it possible to determine the influence of abnormal genetically determined wall components on arterial stiffness. Such studies have highlighted the role of extracellular matrix signaling in the vascular wall and have shown that elastin and collagen not only display elasticity or rigidity but also are involved in the control of SMC function. These data provide strong evidence that arterial stiffness is affected by the amount and density of stiff wall material and the spatial organization of that material.

416 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Drug treatment could prevent stroke through a reduction in arterial stiffness in parallel with correction of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus and smoking, all of which are associated with arterial stiffening.
Abstract: Stroke is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide, and the leading cause of death in China and Japan. Its prevention represents a major goal. Identification of primary stroke risk, particularly through newly individualised risk factors including biomarkers of large artery damage such as arterial stiffening, is necessary for determining the appropriate level of intervention. The purpose of this review is to focus on the pathophysiology of arterial stiffness, its predictive value for stroke and the therapeutic implications of this risk factor for stroke prevention. The predictive value of arterial stiffness for stroke was demonstrated in a longitudinal study that included 1715 patients with essential hypertension and measurements of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) [an indicator of arterial stiffness] at entry. Over a mean follow-up period of 7.9 years, during which 25 fatal strokes occurred, PWV significantly predicted stroke (relative risk = 1.39 [(95% CI 1.08, 1.72]; p = 0.02 for each 4 m/sec increase) independently of classical cardiovascular risk factors, including age, cholesterol level, diabetes mellitus, smoking and mean blood pressure. Additional longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the predictive value of aortic stiffness on primary and secondary events, in low- and high-risk populations, in various countries, and using different methodologies of arterial stiffness measurement. Drug treatment could prevent stroke through a reduction in arterial stiffness in parallel with correction of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus and smoking, all of which are associated with arterial stiffening. In view of the important local actions of angiotensin II on arterial stiffening, drugs interfering with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system should be particularly effective. Promising therapeutic strategies to reduce arterial stiffness include taking advantage of the non-lipid-lowering effects of statins and directly targeting the molecular events leading to arterial stiffening, such as formation of advanced glycation end products.

216 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The partial genetic deficiency in TK activity is associated with an inward remodeling of the brachial artery, which is not adapted to a chronic increase in wall shear stress, indicating a new form of arterial dysfunction affecting 5-7% of white people.
Abstract: Tissue kallikrein (TK), the major kinin-forming enzyme, is synthesized in several organs, including the kidney and arteries. A loss-of-function polymorphism of the human TK gene (R53H) induces a substantial decrease in enzyme activity. As inactivation of the TK gene in the mouse induces endothelial dysfunction, we investigated the vascular, hormonal, and renal phenotypes of carriers of the 53H allele. In a crossover study, 30 R53R-homozygous and 10 R53H-heterozygous young normotensive white males were randomly assigned to receive both a low sodium–high potassium diet to stimulate TK synthesis and a high sodium–low potassium diet to suppress TK synthesis, each for 1 week. Urinary kallikrein activity was 50–60% lower in R53H subjects than in R53R subjects. Acute flow-dependent vasodilatation and endothelium-independent vasodilatation of the brachial artery were both unaffected in R53H subjects. In contrast, R53H subjects consistently exhibited an increase in wall shear stress and a paradoxical reduction in artery diameter and lumen compared with R53R subjects. Renal and hormonal adaptation to diets was unaffected in R53H subjects. The partial genetic deficiency in TK activity is associated with an inward remodeling of the brachial artery, which is not adapted to a chronic increase in wall shear stress, indicating a new form of arterial dysfunction affecting 5–7% of white people.

77 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of arterial stiffness on the occurrence of new vascular events comes from cross-sectional studies showing that arterial stiffness and risk factors for atherosclerotic lesions are correlated, but did not demonstrate its predictive value as an intermediate endpoint.
Abstract: This editorial refers to ‘Carotid stiffness and the risk of new vascular events in patients with manifest cardiovascular disease. The SMART study’† by J.M. Dijk et al. , on page 1213 Identification of cardiovascular (CV) risk is mandatory to determine the intensity of interventions. Despite the recognized advantages of classical algorithms for global risk assessment, important limitations have been noticed, and current research is focusing on subclinical markers of arterial disease accessible to non-invasive investigation, including arterial stiffness, carotid intima-media thickness, and endothelial dysfunction. The current growing interest in arterial stiffness originates from the repeated demonstration of its predictive value for CV events, including CV mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke. An indirect argument for the influence of arterial stiffness on the occurrence of CV events comes from cross-sectional studies showing that arterial stiffness and CV risk factors for atherosclerotic lesions are correlated. A major limitation of these studies is their cross-sectional feature. This is a crucial point. These studies showed that aortic stiffness was associated with other markers of CV risk or with the extent of atherosclerosis, but could not conclude that arterial stiffness was predictive of CV events as patients were not followed-up. In other words, these studies showed that arterial stiffness was a marker of CV risk, but did not demonstrate its predictive value as an intermediate endpoint. Only recently have longitudinal studies directly demonstrated that arterial stiffness, measured through carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) ratio, was an independent predictor of all-cause and CV mortality,1 coronary events,2 and stroke,3 in patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. Additional evidences were provided in patients with endstage renal disease (ESRD), with diabetes, and in elderly subjects. Thus, arterial stiffness is now well accepted as an intermediate endpoint for CV events. In some studies,1–3 arterial stiffness was … *Corresponding author. Tel: +33 1 56 09 39 91; fax +33 1 56 09 39 92. E-mail address : stephane.laurent{at}egp.ap-hop-paris.fr

15 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The large body of evidence gathered in regard to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor perindopril is reviewed, demonstrating its efficacy in reducing BP, reversing abnormalities of vascular structure and function in patients with essential hypertension, and ultimately preventing cardiovascular events.

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: La pression pulsée centrale constitue un facteur prédictif de mortalité de toutes causes au cours of l’insuffisance rénale terminale, ce qui n’est pas le cas of the pression pulse périphérique.
Abstract: ResumeLa pression arterielle est la resultante d’une composante stable, la pression arterielle moyenne, et d’une composante pulsatile, la pression pulsee, cette derniEre etant largement determinee par la rigidite des gros troncs arteriels. Les lesions des organes cibles demeurent un element majeur de la prise en charge de l’hypertension arterielle. De recentes donnees montrent que la diminution de la pression arterielle systolique joue un role determinant dans la protection des hypertendus vis-a-vis du risque d’evenements cardiovasculaires, mais que cette diminution n’est pas le seul facteur en cause puisque des antihypertenseurs qui diminuent la pression arterielle dans des proportions equivalentes ne confErent pas tous le meme degre de protection cardiovasculaire. Les differences existant entre ces medicaments pourraient etre liees a des proprietes propres a chacun d’entre eux, tel par exemple l’effet exerce sur la pression pulsee centrale ou peripherique. La pression pulsee diffEre significativement se...

4 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: La prise en charge intensive, multidisciplinaire, permet une amelioration substantielle du pronostic en charge medicamenteuse de the pression arterielle et des dyslipidemies reduit le risque de complications chez le diabetique.
Abstract: Le diabete de type 2 est un probleme majeur de sante publique Les complications du diabete sont essentiellement la consequence de l’atteinte arterielle, microvasculaire et macrovasculaire L’atteinte la plus precoce est la dysfonction endotheliale, resultant de multiples mecanismes Les consequences fonctionnelles sont une alteration de la capacite de vasodilatation physiologique, une proliferation et migration des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires, un depot accelere de matrice extracellulaire et une augmentation de rigidite A long terme, ces anomalies sont potentialisees par la co-segregation des autres facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire et concourent a la survenue d’un atherome precoce et severe Les complications macrovasculaires du diabetique sont plus frequentes et plus graves que chez le non-diabetique La prise en charge intensive, multidisciplinaire, permet une amelioration substantielle du pronostic La prise en charge medicamenteuse de la pression arterielle et des dyslipidemies reduit le risque de complications chez le diabetique Une detection precoce possible des lesions arterielles au travers d’une augmentation de rigidite, d’un epaississement intima-media ou d’une dysfonction endotheliale est possible en recherche clinique, et bientot en pratique clinique Le developpement de medicaments specifiquement efficaces sur les phases les plus precoces de la maladie arterielle diabetique est en cours L’approche la plus aboutie semble letre es medicaments « casseurs de produits de fin de glycation », actuellement en developpement de phase III Ces avancees technologiques ne doivent pas occulter que la pandemie de diabete de type 2 a des origines comportementales, entretenues par le consumerisme « occidental », et que seules des modifications en profondeur du comportement permettront d’endiguer cette catastrophe sanitaire annoncee

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ces resultatsmontrent que les tissus cardiovasculaires sonthypersensibles aux signaux trophiques chez lespatients atteints de maladie de Fabry, s’associant a une augmentation de the distensibilite, are recherche les correlations entre le remodelage ventriculaire, mesure a l’IRM et leremodelage arteriel.
Abstract: Notre etude porte sur la description des proprietesmecaniques des arteres carotides et radiales dans une cohorte de 24 patients hemizygotes porteurs de maladie de Fabry authentifiee,compares a 21 sujets temoins. De plus, nous avons recherche les correlations entre le remodelage ventriculaire, mesure a l’IRM et leremodelage arteriel. Les parametres arteriels ont ete determines par echotracking vasculaire, technique 10 fois plus precise que les techniques concurrentes. Nous avons trouve une hypertrophie severe de la carotide et de l’artere radiale, s’associant a une augmentation de la distensibilite. L’epaississement avec l’âge etait exacerbe chez les patients atteints de maladie de Fabry. Le remodelage hypertrophique concentrique ventriculaire etait correle a la charge hemodynamique et au remodelage arteriel. Ces resultatsmontrent que les tissus cardiovasculaires sonthypersensibles aux signaux trophiques chez lespatients atteints de maladie de Fabry.

2 citations


01 May 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the remodelage vasculaire correspond a toute modification de structure and de fonction arterielle, which correspond to toute modifications of structure and fonctions of arterielelle, in the course of processus physiologiques and pathologiques.
Abstract: Le remodelage vasculaire correspond a toute modification de structure et de fonction arterielle au cours de processus physiologiques et pathologiques. Il s’agit le plus souvent de processus adaptatifs sur le court terme qui s’accompagnent de consequences pathologiques sur le long terme. Le premier exemple ici developpe est le remodelage arteriel structural et fonctionnel des grosses arteres au cours de l’hypertension arterielle (HTA). Sur le plan structural, un epaississement de la paroi est observe, epaississement adaptatif dans un premier temps, puis potentialisateur des lesions atherosclereuses. Sur le plan fonctionnel, une augmentation de la rigidite arterielle s’installe au cours de l’HTA, due en partie au moins a l’augmentation de pression de distension. Le deuxieme exemple developpe est le remodelage arteriel au cours du diabete de type 2. L’hyperglycemie et l’hyperinsulinemie presentes, dans un premier temps au cours du diabete de type 2, sont egalement et tres fortement associees a des modifications arterielles structurales avec augmentation de l’epaisseur de la paroi. Sur le plan fonctionnel, il existe egalement une hyper-rigidite arterielle, correlee a ces anomalies metaboliques. En pratique, la mesure de l’epaisseur intima-media carotidienne par echotracking vasculaire pour quantifier l’hypertrophie de la paroi, associee a la mesure de la rigidite arterielle par mesure de la vitesse de l’onde de pouls carotido-femorale, sont des investigations a privilegier de par leur caractere predictif de complications cardiovasculaires maintenant bien demontre, et de par leur simplicite de mesure, mesures validees et precises.

1 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Les souris deficientes en kallicreine ont, en effet, un dysfonctionnement endothelial avec une perte de the vasodilatation liee au flux, un processus important de regulation de l’apport sanguin aux organes
Abstract: 584 > La kallicreine tissulaire est la principale enzyme impliquee dans la production des kinines par clivage enzymatique du kininogene. Le systeme kininogenekallikreine-kinine est present dans les cellules endotheliales et musculaires lisses de la paroi vasculaire ou les kinines generees localement ont un puissant effet vasodilatateur dependant de l’endothelium (Figure 1). Cet effet est lie a l’activation du recepteur B2 de la bradykinine, couple a la liberation de monoxyde d’azote (NO), de prostacycline et de facteurs hyperpolarisants. L’inactivation du gene codant pour la kallicreine chez la souris a montre l’importance du systeme kallicreine-kinine dans la physiologie arterielle : les souris deficientes en kallicreine ont, en effet, un dysfonctionnement endothelial avec une perte de la vasodilatation liee au flux, un processus important de regulation de l’apport sanguin aux organes [1, 2]. La kallicreine est egalement synthetisee en abondance dans le rein, dans la partie terminale du tubule distal et la partie corticale du tubule collecteur. Elle est liberee dans l’urine et dans la circulation et l’interstitium peritubulaire. Le systeme kallicreine-kinine renal agit de concert avec le systeme renineangiotensine pour reguler le flux sanguin medullaire et papillaire. L’excretion urinaire de la kallicreine reflete la synthese de l’enzyme par le rein. On sait depuis de nombreuses annees que l’activite kallicreine urinaire est influencee par des facteurs genetiques, car il existe une ressemblance familiale de cette actiDeficience en kallicreine tissulaire et anomalies arterielles chez l’homme

1 citations