다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

This article reviews the basic theoretical aspects of graphene, a one-atom-thick allotrope of carbon, with unusual two-dimensional Dirac-like electronic excitations. The Dirac electrons can be controlled by application of external electric and magnetic fields, or by altering sample geometry and/or topology. The Dirac electrons behave in unusual ways in tunneling, confinement, and the integer quantum Hall effect. The electronic properties of graphene stacks are discussed and vary with stacking order and number of layers. Edge (surface) states in graphene depend on the edge termination (zigzag or armchair) and affect the physical properties of nanoribbons. Different types of disorder modify the Dirac equation leading to unusual spectroscopic and transport properties. The effects of electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions in single layer and multilayer graphene are also presented.

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The electronic properties of graphene

Single-layer metal dichalcogenides are two-dimensional semiconductors that present strong potential for electronic and sensing applications complementary to that of graphene.

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Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides.

We report the measurement of the thermal conductivity of a suspended single-layer graphene. The room temperature values of the thermal conductivity in the range ∼(4.84 ± 0.44) × 103 to (5.30 ± 0.48) × 103 W/mK were extracted for a single-layer graphene from the dependence of the Raman G peak frequency on the excitation laser power and independently measured G peak temperature coefficient. The extremely high value of the thermal conductivity suggests that graphene can outperform carbon nanotubes in heat conduction. The superb thermal conduction property of graphene is beneficial for the proposed electronic applications and establishes graphene as an excellent material for thermal management.

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Superior Thermal Conductivity of Single-Layer Graphene

Graphene has been attracting great interest because of its distinctive band structure and physical properties. Today, graphene is limited to small sizes because it is produced mostly by exfoliating graphite. We grew large-area graphene films of the order of centimeters on copper substrates by chemical vapor deposition using methane. The films are predominantly single-layer graphene, with a small percentage (less than 5%) of the area having few layers, and are continuous across copper surface steps and grain boundaries. The low solubility of carbon in copper appears to help make this growth process self-limiting. We also developed graphene film transfer processes to arbitrary substrates, and dual-gated field-effect transistors fabricated on silicon/silicon dioxide substrates showed electron mobilities as high as 4050 square centimeters per volt per second at room temperature.

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Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils

We analyze the entanglement properties of spins (qubits) close to the boundary of spin chains in the vicinity of a quantum critical point and show that the concurrence at the boundary is significantly different from the one of bulk spins. We also discuss the von Neumann entropy of dissipative environments in the vicinity of a (boundary) critical point, such as two Ising-coupled Kondo-impurities or the dissipative two-level system. Our results indicate that the entanglement (concurrence and/or von Neumann entropy) changes abruptly at the point where coherent quantum oscillations cease to exist. The phase transition modifies significantly less the entanglement if no symmetry breaking field is applied and we argue that this might be a general property of the entanglement of dissipative systems. We finally analyze the entanglement of an harmonic chain between the two ends as function of the system size. Coherence, decoherence and the measurement process are longstanding problems of quantum mechanics since they mark the fundamental difference to classical systems. They have gained increasing importance in the context of quantum computing because the operation of a quantum computer requires a careful control of the interaction between the system and its macroscopic environment. The resulting entanglement between the system’s degrees of freedom and the reservoir has been a recurrent topic since the formulation of quantum mechanics, as it is relevant to

Entanglement of spin chains with general boundaries and of dissipative systems

We demonstrate via two examples that topological insulators (TI) offer a new platform for plasmonics. Firstly, we discuss that the collective excitations of a thin slap of a TI possess spin-charge separation. This gives rise to long-lived acoustic plasmons that cannot be scattered by charged impurities. Secondly, we argue that the depletion layer mixes Dirac and Schr\"odinger electrons which can lead to novel features such as high modulation depths and interband plasmons.

Plasmonics in topological insulators: Spin-charge separation and the influence of the inversion layer

We analytically describe the plasmonic edge modes for an interface that involves the twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) or other similar moir\'e van der Waals heterostructure. For this purpose, we employ a spatially homogeneous, isotropic and frequency-dependent tensor conductivity, which in principle accounts for electronic and electrostatic interlayer couplings. We predict that the edge mode dispersion relation explicitly depends on the chiral response even in the nonretarded limit, in contrast to the collective bulk plasmonic excitations in the TBG. We obtain a universal function for the dispersion of the optical edge plasmon in the paramagnetic regime. This implies a correspondence of the chiral-TBG optical plasmon to a magnetoplasmon of a single sheet, and chirality is interpreted as an effective magnetic field. The chirality also opens up the possibility of nearly undamped acoustic modes in the paramagnetic regime. Our results may guide future near-field nanoscopy for van der Waals heterostructures. In our analysis, we retain the long-range electrostatic interaction, and apply the Wiener-Hopf method to a system of integral equations for the scalar potentials of the two layers.

Theory of plasmonic edge states in chiral bilayer systems

The phase diagram of a biased graphene bilayer is computed and the existence of a ferromagnetic phase is discussed both in the critical on-site interaction $U_{c}$ versus doping density and versus temperature. We show that in the ferromagnetic phase the two planes have unequal magnetization and that the electronic density is hole like in one plane and electron like in the other. We give evidence for a \emph{first-order} phase transition between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases induced by doping at zero temperature.

Tobias Stauber

Papers

Entanglement of spin chains with general boundaries and of dissipative systems

Plasmonics in topological insulators: Spin-charge separation and the influence of the inversion layer

Theory of plasmonic edge states in chiral bilayer systems

First order ferromagnetic phase transition in the low electronic density regime of a biased graphene bilayer

Interacting Electrons in Graphene