자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

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Using Multivariate Statistics

Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000) is a compendium of mental disorders, a listing of the criteria used to diagnose them, and a detailed system for their definition, organization, and classification. Put simply, it is the primary diagnostic manual for mental health professionals in the United States and much of the Western world. Diagnosis refers to the identification and labeling of a mental disorder by examination and analysis. Mental health professionals diagnose individuals based on the symptoms that they report experiencing and the signs of illness with which they present. The DSM-IV-TR aids professionals in understanding and diagnosing mental disorders through its provision of explicit diagnostic criteria and an official classification system.


Keywords:

diagnosis;
classification;
mental illness;
psychopathology

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)

Sexual offender cognition is—in our view—an immensely fascinating topic that holds broad appeal for forensic professionals and laypeople alike. Over the past two decades, there has been notable academic interest in this topic in the form of theory, research, assessment, and treatment practices devoted to understanding sexual offence-relevant cognition and reducing its deleterious impact (see Gannon, Ward, Beech, & Fisher, 2007 or Ward, Polaschek, & Beech, 2006). Certainly, offence-relevant cognitive theory has been enthusiastically received and researched in the sexual offender population. Furthermore, when examining other forensic populations (e.g., domestically violent offenders; Gilchrist 2007, 2009 or arsonists Ó Ciardha & Gannon, 2012), it is clear that the area of sexual offence-related cognition is relatively well developed. Yet, although great progress has been made in our understanding of sexual offence-related cognition, as with any scientific literature, there are many questions that require answering. In this issue, we draw together a series of review articles which discuss, evaluate, and summarize key concepts in sexual offence-related cognition. All of these articles are written by esteemed forensic psychology experts at varying stages in their career, which we feel provides this issue with the balanced platform required for fresh ideas that we hope will stimulate future theory and research production. Each article in this special issue provides a new way of examining the current literature on offence-related cognition in sexual offenders and it is precisely because of this that we are delighted to have been given the opportunity to act as Guest Editors. The first article of the special issue—written by Caoilte Ó Ciardha and Tony Ward—provides an in-depth evaluation of the range of theories (both traditional and contemporary) that have been developed to explain sexual offenders’ cognition. Of particular note is that this review examines the empirical and clinical adequacy of theories that, to our knowledge, have not yet been thoroughly critiqued or evaluated within the academic literature. Following this, Georgia Barnett and Ruth Mann discuss the concept of empathy in sexual offenders, paying particular attention to the conceptualization of empathy and associated cognitive structures/processes. In particular, this article proposes that further dimensions need to be incorporated into the traditional concept of empathy (i.e., as a two-part cognitive/ affective construct) in order to better understand how empathy should be approached and targeted in treatment. In the next article, Leslie Helmus, Karl Hanson, Kelly Babchishin, and Ruth Mann present the results of a metaanalysis showing that attitudes that support sexual offending predict sexual recidivism by a small but reasonably meaningful amount. In particular, their article shows that this relationship exists regardless of whether such attitudes are measured pre or post treatment. Their article also suggests that the relationship between attitudes that support sexual offending and sexual recidivism is stronger in men who abuse children rather than those who abuse adults. Anthony Beech, Ross Bartels, and Louise Dixon then present a contemporary overview of the methods used to assess sexual offenders’ cognition and the various treatment approaches that have been adopted in this area. This article, in particular, provides practitioners with a broad overall picture of the range of possible tools available in relation to sexual offenders’ cognition and how some (e.g., the Implicit Association Task; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) might provide promising future avenues for practice. The final article of the issue is presented by Theresa Gannon and Emma Alleyne. These authors present a systematic review of the small but established body of research examining female sexual offenders’ cognition. In particular, this article suggests that researchers and practitioners should exercise caution in their dealings with females to ensure that measures and interpretations of offence-supportive cognition are gender informed rather than gender insensitive. We sincerely hope that readers of this special issue—like us—will find the collection of articles that follow informative and stimulating. These articles reflect both what has been achieved in this field over the past two decades as well as what

Introduction to the Special Issue on Sexual Offender Cognition

An important part of the work of forensic scientists is communicating accurate information to lay factfinders under conditions of uncertainty. It is an ethically demanding role as it obliges scientists to disclose information that may call their own authority into question. Similar issues arise in other areas of applied science, for example climate science. This article builds the ethical framework for scientific communication under uncertainty proposed by Keohane, Lane and Oppenheimer and argues that with some modifications their work provides useful guidance for forensic scientists. It also questions whether the current system of Streamlined Forensic Reporting is compatible with that framework.

The Forensic Ethics of Scientific Communication

In our original article (this issue, p. 323), we argued that focusing research on individual symptoms of psychopathology might provide valuable information about their underlying nature and result ...

Tony Ward

Papers

Introduction to the Special Issue on Sexual Offender Cognition

The Forensic Ethics of Scientific Communication

Symptoms as Black Boxes: Time to Look Inside the Box: