BackgroundPembrolizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against programmed death 1 (PD-1) that has antitumor activity in advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with increased activity in tumors that express programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). MethodsIn this open-label, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned 305 patients who had previously untreated advanced NSCLC with PD-L1 expression on at least 50% of tumor cells and no sensitizing mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene or translocation of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene to receive either pembrolizumab (at a fixed dose of 200 mg every 3 weeks) or the investigator’s choice of platinum-based chemotherapy. Crossover from the chemotherapy group to the pembrolizumab group was permitted in the event of disease progression. The primary end point, progression-free survival, was assessed by means of blinded, independent, central radiologic review. Secondary end points were overall survival, objective response rate, and safety. ResultsMedi...

https://www.nejm.org/doi/suppl/10.1056/NEJMoa1606774/suppl_file/nejmoa1606774_protocol.pdf

Pembrolizumab versus Chemotherapy for PD-L1–Positive Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

The 11th edition of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine welcomes Anthony Fauci to its editorial staff, in addition to more than 85 new contributors. While the organization of the book is similar to previous editions, major emphasis has been placed on disorders that affect multiple organ systems. Important advances in genetics, immunology, and oncology are emphasized. Many chapters of the book have been rewritten and describe major advances in internal medicine. Subjects that received only a paragraph or two of attention in previous editions are now covered in entire chapters. Among the chapters that have been extensively revised are the chapters on infections in the compromised host, on skin rashes in infections, on many of the viral infections, including cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, on sexually transmitted diseases, on diabetes mellitus, on disorders of bone and mineral metabolism, and on lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. The major revisions in these chapters and many

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(10)61121-X.pdf

Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes.

For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy.

Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation, it is imperative to target by gene knockout or RNA interference more than one autophagy-related protein. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways implying that not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

/pdf/guidelines-for-the-use-and-interpretation-of-assays-for-ijf2t30pbq.pdf

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

The Internet has led to the creation of a digital society, where (almost) everything is connected and is accessible from anywhere. However, despite their widespread adoption, traditional IP networks are complex and very hard to manage. It is both difficult to configure the network according to predefined policies, and to reconfigure it to respond to faults, load, and changes. To make matters even more difficult, current networks are also vertically integrated: the control and data planes are bundled together. Software-defined networking (SDN) is an emerging paradigm that promises to change this state of affairs, by breaking vertical integration, separating the network's control logic from the underlying routers and switches, promoting (logical) centralization of network control, and introducing the ability to program the network. The separation of concerns, introduced between the definition of network policies, their implementation in switching hardware, and the forwarding of traffic, is key to the desired flexibility: by breaking the network control problem into tractable pieces, SDN makes it easier to create and introduce new abstractions in networking, simplifying network management and facilitating network evolution. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey on SDN. We start by introducing the motivation for SDN, explain its main concepts and how it differs from traditional networking, its roots, and the standardization activities regarding this novel paradigm. Next, we present the key building blocks of an SDN infrastructure using a bottom-up, layered approach. We provide an in-depth analysis of the hardware infrastructure, southbound and northbound application programming interfaces (APIs), network virtualization layers, network operating systems (SDN controllers), network programming languages, and network applications. We also look at cross-layer problems such as debugging and troubleshooting. In an effort to anticipate the future evolution of this new paradigm, we discuss the main ongoing research efforts and challenges of SDN. In particular, we address the design of switches and control platforms—with a focus on aspects such as resiliency, scalability, performance, security, and dependability—as well as new opportunities for carrier transport networks and cloud providers. Last but not least, we analyze the position of SDN as a key enabler of a software-defined environment.

https://publications.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/20596/1/survey_on_SDN.pdf

Software-Defined Networking: A Comprehensive Survey

이 연구는 중복발달장애인의 고용서비스 제공을 위한 고용지원 모델을 제안하는 것이다. 이에 정책대상, 실행방안 등을 구체화하는 목적에 따라 전문가 패널 델파이 조사를 실시하였다. 사회복지, 직업재활, 특수교육 분야 등에서 전문가 19명으로 전문가 패널을 구성하여 총 4회의 델파이 조사를 실행하였다. 전문가 패널 델파이 조사를 통한 고용지원 모델 및 실행방안의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 고용서비스 모델의 정책대상자는 필수적으로 발달장애를 갖으며, 인지적 장애로 인한 의사소통의 제한 등의 기준을 확인했다. 둘째, 고용서비스의 방향성은 새로운 고용의 패러다임을 통해 사회참여를 강조했다. 셋째, 고용모델을 수행하는 과정에서 새로운 거버넌스 즉, 국가기관 및 시도지자체 기관 등의 연계 및 협업을 통한 통합체계의 구축을 주장했다. 넷째, 그동안 전통적으로 논의되던 생산성 기반의 고용이 아닌 당연한 권리로서의 근로자성에 대한 접근을 논의했다. 다섯째, 중복발달장애인 고용모델 적용 방안에 있어 전 생애에 따라 특성 및 요구가 반영된 다양한 지원이 필요하다. 끝으로 이를 위한 구체적인 제언을 제시했다. 

A Basic Exploration Study for the Development of Employment Services for People with Developmental and Multiple Disabilities: Focusing on Delphi Survey of Expert Panel

We report on the surface-induced molecular order and the optical anisotropy of a pentacene thin film on a photo-aligned polymeric gate insulator layer. Since a pentacene molecule has a rodlike shape, the induced orientational order of the pentacene molecules is expected on an alignment layer for liquid crystal molecules. The photo-aligned polymer insulator, exposed to a linearly polarized ultraviolet light, has a high cross-linked density and thus induces the structural order of the pentacene molecules. The pentacene thin film deposited on the photo-aligned polymeric insulator is found to show the optical anisotropy. The organic thin film transistor on the photo-aligned insulator exhibits good electrical properties.

Enhanced Electrical Properties of Organic Thin Film Transistors by the Pentacene Order on a Photo-Aligned Polymeric Insulator

Abstract Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are risk factors for endothelial cells (ECs) dysfunction. However, the mechanism by which DEP induce ECs apoptosis remains unclear. Here, we investigated how DEP induce death of human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs), with a focus on the autophagy-mediated apoptotic pathway. DEP induced dose-dependent HUVECs death and exposure to the IC 50 concentration of DEP (70 µg/ml) led to apoptosis. DEP phosphorylated Beclin-1 (Ser93) and increased protein levels of p62 and LC3BII and the number of LC3B puncta, indicating autophagy initiation. DEP increased expression of pro- and mature forms of cathepsin D, which increases lysosomal activity. However, DEP suppressed expression of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor proteins (STX17, VAMP8, SNAP29, YKT6, and STX7) to inhibit autolysosome formation, resulting in accumulation of autophagosomes. LC3B, p62, and caspase-8 form a tertiary complex in accumulated autophagosomes, which is known to serve as a platform for caspase-8 activation. Indeed, DEP activates caspase-8 and pretreatment with a caspase-8 inhibitor suppressed DEP-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, depletion of p62 decreased caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation and inhibited the DEP-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that DEP induced HUVECs apoptosis by inhibiting autophagosome maturation and identified caspase-8 as a novel mediator of DEP-induced ECs apoptosis. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-21044-3.pdf

Diesel exhaust particles induce human umbilical vein endothelial cells apoptosis by accumulation of autophagosomes and caspase-8 activation

In recent industrial fields, high-speed motors are a major issue. This is because it is advantageous for high power density, high efficiency and miniaturization when operating the motor at high speed. However, for high-speed operation of motors, not only electromagnetic design technology but also mechanical and structural stability are important factors. Therefore, in order to reduce the friction of the mechanical part and increase the efficiency and stability, a lot of research on bearings is being conducted. Magnetic bearing, which is advantageous for high-speed operation, does not require lubrication, has negligible friction loss, low maintenance, and has no rotational speed limitations. However, there are many difficulties in commercializing them due to disadvantages such as high cost and miniaturization. This paper proposes a hybrid magnetic bearing with miniaturization, light weight and high manufacturability by using a stator in a separated teeth structure[2]. Separated teeth magnetic bearing proposed in this paper $\mathbf{will}$ be referred to as STMB. Hybrid STMB realizes weight reduction by removing the back yoke of the general stator, and has high fill factor and high manufacturability because there is no restriction in winding coils as it is a 4-module shape. As a result, when applying hybrid STMB, it has manufacturability, reduced weight and coreloss, and realized high performance. This was verified through FEM.

A study on Radial Magnetic Bearing of a new stator shape for high manufacturability and reduction of weight

Se Chul Sohn*, Moo Yul Suh, Jung Suk Kim, Byung Chul Song, Kwang Yong Jee,In Kyu Choi, and oW n Ho KimKorea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejon 305-600, Korea Received August 10, 2000) .       ! $ "# %&'() &$ *+ ., -./ 012 (AG MP-1)3 . !  *)4 5 &$, 67"8"#$ %&'( + . * . 9 :;     ?@AB 67 ,  D C E &$F  =>G 2 "#$ %&6HI JK L *+ . MNOF , ?@AB3 67 !  ; P.&$OF J Q G 2 ./I VW 5 XY, Z[Z2 + \] .  ^_` . ! a& "#$ &$OF J Q D CZ[b c 0.230d 3.02 mg e8: 99.36%.f+ .   K`I  0.250d 0.450 mg5   %& ! g, "#$ &$OF J hi j0.38%.f+ .ABSTRACT. Separation and coulometric titration method were applied for the determination of plutoniumcontent in samples of PWR spent fuel. Plutonium was separated on an anion exchange(AG MP-1) column anddetermined by the controlled-potential coulometric titration. In this study, we discussed some experimental con-ditions related to the separation and determination of plutonium in PWR spent fuel samples. Average accu-racy(recovery of plutonium) for the determination of 0.230 3.02 mg plutonium standard was 99.36%. Averageprecision(relative standard deviation, RSD) for the determination of 0.250 0.450 mg plutonium in PWR spentfuel samples was 0.38%.

Won Ho Kim

Papers

A Basic Exploration Study for the Development of Employment Services for People with Developmental and Multiple Disabilities: Focusing on Delphi Survey of Expert Panel

Enhanced Electrical Properties of Organic Thin Film Transistors by the Pentacene Order on a Photo-Aligned Polymeric Insulator

Diesel exhaust particles induce human umbilical vein endothelial cells apoptosis by accumulation of autophagosomes and caspase-8 activation

A study on Radial Magnetic Bearing of a new stator shape for high manufacturability and reduction of weight

Coulometric Determination of Plutonium in PWR Spent Fuels