The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

In this Chapter, we imagine a decision maker (or a group of experts) trying to establish or examine fair procedures to combine opinions about alternatives related to different points of view.

Multiple criteria decision making

Alan Ford,† Hugues Miel, Aoife Ring,† Catherine N. Slattery,† Anita R. Maguire,*,†,‡ and M. Anthony McKervey* †Department of Chemistry and ‡School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland Almac Discovery Ltd., David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom Almac Sciences Ltd., Almac House, 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom

Modern Organic Synthesis with α-Diazocarbonyl Compounds

A new method for exact analytical calculation of the accessible surface areas and their gradients with respect to atomic coordinates is described. The new surface routine, GETAREA, finds solvent-exposed vertices of intersecting atoms, and thereby avoids calculating buried vertices which are not needed to determine the accessible surface area by the Gauss)Bonnet theorem. The surface routine was implemented in FANTOM, a program for energy minimization and Monte Carlo simulation, and tested for accuracy and efficiency in extensive energy minimizations of Met-enkephalin, the a-amylase inhibitor . tendamistat, and avian pancreatic polypeptide APP . The CPU time for the exact calculation of the accessible surface areas and their gradients has been . . reduced by factors of 2.2 Met-enkephalin and 3.2 tendamistat compared with our previous approach. The efficiency of our exact method is similar to the recently described approximate methods MSEED and SASAD. The performance of several atomic solvation parameter sets was tested in searches for low energy conformations of APP among conformations near the native X-ray crystal structure and highly distorted structures. The protein solvation parameters from w . x

Exact and efficient analytical calculation of the accessible surface areas and their gradients for macromolecules

The aim of this review article on recent developments of mechanochemistry (nowadays established as a part of chemistry) is to provide a comprehensive overview of advances achieved in the field of atomistic processes, phase transformations, simple and multicomponent nanosystems and peculiarities of mechanochemical reactions. Industrial aspects with successful penetration into fields like materials engineering, heterogeneous catalysis and extractive metallurgy are also reviewed. The hallmarks of mechanochemistry include influencing reactivity of solids by the presence of solid-state defects, interphases and relaxation phenomena, enabling processes to take place under non-equilibrium conditions, creating a well-crystallized core of nanoparticles with disordered near-surface shell regions and performing simple dry time-convenient one-step syntheses. Underlying these hallmarks are technological consequences like preparing new nanomaterials with the desired properties or producing these materials in a reproducible way with high yield and under simple and easy operating conditions. The last but not least hallmark is enabling work under environmentally friendly and essentially waste-free conditions (822 references).

/pdf/hallmarks-of-mechanochemistry-from-nanoparticles-to-5cyjx2wiue.pdf

Hallmarks of mechanochemistry: From nanoparticles to technology

Inter-port Competition and Measures of Individual Container Port Accessibility

Ribosomal protein synthesis is a central process of the modern biological world. Because the ribosome contains proteins itself, it is very important to understand its precursor and evolution. Small ribozymes have demonstrated the principle of RNA world hypothesis, but protein free peptide ligase remains elusive. In this report, we have identified two fragments in the peptidyl transfer center that can synthesize a 9-mer poly-lysine in a solution contains Mg2+. This result is deduced from isotope-shifting in high resolution MS. To our best knowledge, this is the longest peptide oligo that can be synthesized by a pure ribozyme. Via single molecule FRET experiments, we have demonstrated the ligase mechanism was probably by substrate proximity via dimerization. We prospect that these RNA fragments can be useful to synthesize template free natural and non-natural peptides, to be model system for peptidyl transfer reaction mechanism and can shed light to the evolution of ribosome.

https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426402v1.full.pdf

Protein-Free ribosomal RNA scaffolds can assemble poly-lysine oligos from charged tRNA fragments

QTL Analysis on Yield and Its Components in Recombinant Inbred Lines of Upland Cotton

Asphalt surface features revealed in the tapping-mode atomic force microscope (AFM) have been extensively studied. Most of the existing studies focus on the so-called bee-shaped surface feature, believed to be made of paraffin wax crystals. In the research reported in this paper, five asphalts of widely different aging states and asphaltenes obtained from two of these asphalts were examined by using an AFM in tapping mode. Two types of surface features were identified in all the specimens, as follows: (1) disk-shaped feature rising from the specimen surface, and (2) elliptical (and sometimes irregular) feature slightly recessed from the surface. In addition, a Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) asphalt (AAD) was used to study the morphology of asphaltenes in wax-free asphalt. The analysis of the topography and phase images of the microstructures revealed by AFM suggests that the disk-shaped and elliptical microstructures may contain asphaltenes. The morphology of asphaltenes from the asphalt extracted from a 36-year-old pavement appears to match the hypothetical so-called island molecular structure.

Analysis of nanoscale microstructures in asphalts of different aging states

A novel, magnetically recoverable carbonaceous solid acid Fe3O4@C-SO3H catalyst for the conversion of carbohydrates to 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) was developed. The effect of the DMSO fraction in the ethanol-DMSO binary solvent on the distribution of the reaction products was investigated. The catalyst showed an excellent activity in the synthesis of EMF from fructose and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). 5- Ethoxymethylfurfural was also obtained with a high yield of 64.2% in an ethanol–DMSO solvent system via one-step conversion of fructose. After reaction, the catalyst could be recovered by exposure of the reaction mixture to external magnetic field and reused several times without a loss of catalytic activity.

Magnetically-recoverable carbonaceous material: An efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 5-ethoxymethylfurfural from carbohydrates

Yuhong Wang

Papers

Inter-port Competition and Measures of Individual Container Port Accessibility

Protein-Free ribosomal RNA scaffolds can assemble poly-lysine oligos from charged tRNA fragments

QTL Analysis on Yield and Its Components in Recombinant Inbred Lines of Upland Cotton

Analysis of nanoscale microstructures in asphalts of different aging states

Magnetically-recoverable carbonaceous material: An efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 5-ethoxymethylfurfural from carbohydrates