The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

In this Chapter, we imagine a decision maker (or a group of experts) trying to establish or examine fair procedures to combine opinions about alternatives related to different points of view.

Multiple criteria decision making

Alan Ford,† Hugues Miel, Aoife Ring,† Catherine N. Slattery,† Anita R. Maguire,*,†,‡ and M. Anthony McKervey* †Department of Chemistry and ‡School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland Almac Discovery Ltd., David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom Almac Sciences Ltd., Almac House, 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom

Modern Organic Synthesis with α-Diazocarbonyl Compounds

A new method for exact analytical calculation of the accessible surface areas and their gradients with respect to atomic coordinates is described. The new surface routine, GETAREA, finds solvent-exposed vertices of intersecting atoms, and thereby avoids calculating buried vertices which are not needed to determine the accessible surface area by the Gauss)Bonnet theorem. The surface routine was implemented in FANTOM, a program for energy minimization and Monte Carlo simulation, and tested for accuracy and efficiency in extensive energy minimizations of Met-enkephalin, the a-amylase inhibitor . tendamistat, and avian pancreatic polypeptide APP . The CPU time for the exact calculation of the accessible surface areas and their gradients has been . . reduced by factors of 2.2 Met-enkephalin and 3.2 tendamistat compared with our previous approach. The efficiency of our exact method is similar to the recently described approximate methods MSEED and SASAD. The performance of several atomic solvation parameter sets was tested in searches for low energy conformations of APP among conformations near the native X-ray crystal structure and highly distorted structures. The protein solvation parameters from w . x

Exact and efficient analytical calculation of the accessible surface areas and their gradients for macromolecules

The aim of this review article on recent developments of mechanochemistry (nowadays established as a part of chemistry) is to provide a comprehensive overview of advances achieved in the field of atomistic processes, phase transformations, simple and multicomponent nanosystems and peculiarities of mechanochemical reactions. Industrial aspects with successful penetration into fields like materials engineering, heterogeneous catalysis and extractive metallurgy are also reviewed. The hallmarks of mechanochemistry include influencing reactivity of solids by the presence of solid-state defects, interphases and relaxation phenomena, enabling processes to take place under non-equilibrium conditions, creating a well-crystallized core of nanoparticles with disordered near-surface shell regions and performing simple dry time-convenient one-step syntheses. Underlying these hallmarks are technological consequences like preparing new nanomaterials with the desired properties or producing these materials in a reproducible way with high yield and under simple and easy operating conditions. The last but not least hallmark is enabling work under environmentally friendly and essentially waste-free conditions (822 references).

/pdf/hallmarks-of-mechanochemistry-from-nanoparticles-to-5cyjx2wiue.pdf

Hallmarks of mechanochemistry: From nanoparticles to technology

CRMA was prepared by mixing PG 64-22 asphalt with crumb rubber powder of 40 mesh size and 18% by weight of the asphalt Sasobit®, a typical organic wax additive, was selected and added into CRMA A series of tests, namely, brookfield viscosity, environmental scanning electron microscope(ESEM), component test, differential scanning calorimeter(DSC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were conducted on CRMA with and without organic wax additive, and microcosmic appearance, component content and molecular structure of various asphalt binders were obtained The test results indicate that the addition of Sasobit® into CRMA can effectively change the contents of components: the content of asphaltenes increases relatively, while saturates decreases In addition, the interaction between various components of CRMA is weakened, and the state of equilibrium between the dispersant and dispersed phase is changed at the same time That is why the viscosity decreases after the organic wax additive is added into CRMA

The viscosity-reducing mechanism of organic wax additive on CRMA

The performance of the cement-based materials could be improved by the incorporation of steel fiber, but the damage processes become more complex with different content at the same time. The acoustic emission (AE) technology can achieve the global monitoring of internal damage in materials. Under the axial compression load, the AE signals of steel fiber reinforced mortar specimens with different fiber content during the whole damage process were selected. The analysis of the damage evolution process, failure mode and damage degree were conducted by AE energy, RA value, AF value and b value respectively. It is found that the cement matrix cracked on the initial stage, the cracks further developed in the medium stage as well the fiber out of shape and the fiber were pullout on the last stage. The cumulative AE energy is proportional to the ductility of the material. The damage mode and damage degree can be judged by identifying the damage stage which obtained by the analysis of the AF value. It conducted that AE parameters can describe the failure processes due to it change monotonically with the progress of damage.

Damage Processes of Steel Fiber Reinforced Mortar in Different Fiber Content Revealed by Acoustic Emission Behavior

http://manuscript.elsevier.com/S095656632200063X/pdf/S095656632200063X.pdf

Ultrasensitive detection of small biomolecules using aptamer-based molecular recognition and nanoparticle counting.

L27-tRNA interaction revealed by mutagenesis and pH titration.

A self-improved and debugged acousto-ultrasonic system was used to investigate the effect of water cement ratio (w/c ratio) on ultrasonic pulse wave propagation and find more accurate and effective evaluation parameters than the traditional ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). An experimental study on the uniaxial compression test and acousto-ultrasonic test of mortar cylinder with different w/c ratios (0.4, 0.5, 0.6) was presented. The results showed that the increase of w/c ratios deteriorated the mortar mechanical properties with the compressive strength decreased and reduced the UPV. The high w/c ratio also leaded high attention of wave amplitude and energy. Through analysis of the ultrasonic pulse waveforms, the maximum peak amplitude (AE parameter) couldn’t reflect the real change of the waveforms. The parameter energy, which is mainly determined by the average amplitude, showed a higher sensitivity to the mortar w/c ratio and more accurate reflection of the changes of the waveforms with different w/c ratios. Compared with other parameters, the energy could be used to evaluate the cement based material properties changes caused by the changes of composition and external effect.

Yuhong Wang

Papers

The viscosity-reducing mechanism of organic wax additive on CRMA

Damage Processes of Steel Fiber Reinforced Mortar in Different Fiber Content Revealed by Acoustic Emission Behavior

Ultrasensitive detection of small biomolecules using aptamer-based molecular recognition and nanoparticle counting.

L27-tRNA interaction revealed by mutagenesis and pH titration.

The effect of water-cement ratio on acousto-ultrasonic characteristics in mortar