The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

In this Chapter, we imagine a decision maker (or a group of experts) trying to establish or examine fair procedures to combine opinions about alternatives related to different points of view.

Multiple criteria decision making

Alan Ford,† Hugues Miel, Aoife Ring,† Catherine N. Slattery,† Anita R. Maguire,*,†,‡ and M. Anthony McKervey* †Department of Chemistry and ‡School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland Almac Discovery Ltd., David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom Almac Sciences Ltd., Almac House, 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom

Modern Organic Synthesis with α-Diazocarbonyl Compounds

A new method for exact analytical calculation of the accessible surface areas and their gradients with respect to atomic coordinates is described. The new surface routine, GETAREA, finds solvent-exposed vertices of intersecting atoms, and thereby avoids calculating buried vertices which are not needed to determine the accessible surface area by the Gauss)Bonnet theorem. The surface routine was implemented in FANTOM, a program for energy minimization and Monte Carlo simulation, and tested for accuracy and efficiency in extensive energy minimizations of Met-enkephalin, the a-amylase inhibitor . tendamistat, and avian pancreatic polypeptide APP . The CPU time for the exact calculation of the accessible surface areas and their gradients has been . . reduced by factors of 2.2 Met-enkephalin and 3.2 tendamistat compared with our previous approach. The efficiency of our exact method is similar to the recently described approximate methods MSEED and SASAD. The performance of several atomic solvation parameter sets was tested in searches for low energy conformations of APP among conformations near the native X-ray crystal structure and highly distorted structures. The protein solvation parameters from w . x

Exact and efficient analytical calculation of the accessible surface areas and their gradients for macromolecules

The aim of this review article on recent developments of mechanochemistry (nowadays established as a part of chemistry) is to provide a comprehensive overview of advances achieved in the field of atomistic processes, phase transformations, simple and multicomponent nanosystems and peculiarities of mechanochemical reactions. Industrial aspects with successful penetration into fields like materials engineering, heterogeneous catalysis and extractive metallurgy are also reviewed. The hallmarks of mechanochemistry include influencing reactivity of solids by the presence of solid-state defects, interphases and relaxation phenomena, enabling processes to take place under non-equilibrium conditions, creating a well-crystallized core of nanoparticles with disordered near-surface shell regions and performing simple dry time-convenient one-step syntheses. Underlying these hallmarks are technological consequences like preparing new nanomaterials with the desired properties or producing these materials in a reproducible way with high yield and under simple and easy operating conditions. The last but not least hallmark is enabling work under environmentally friendly and essentially waste-free conditions (822 references).

/pdf/hallmarks-of-mechanochemistry-from-nanoparticles-to-5cyjx2wiue.pdf

Hallmarks of mechanochemistry: From nanoparticles to technology

An efficient way to deal with the time series prediction problem in grey perturbed systems is by constructing effective grey operators. Due to the fixed structures of existing strengthening operators, the action intensity of these operators cannot be effectively controlled. This study aims to propose some nonlinear strengthening operators with flexible structures to effectively control the action intensity of operators to raw data and obtain the optimum prediction accuracy. Based on the axiom system of grey operators, the power average strengthening operator (PASO), the geometric power average strengthening operator (GPASO), the weighted power average strengthening operator (WPASO), the weighted geometric power average strengthening operator (WGPASO) are each constructed by introducing variable parameters into the construction of strengthening operators. Moreover, the properties of these operators, the relationship between different variable parameters and the action intensity of these operators are studied. Finally, with the prediction of China's marine electric power industry output value as an example, the effectiveness and superiority of these strengthening operators is confirmed.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/7293453/7301809/07301822.pdf

Some kinds of nonlinear strengthening operators for predicting the output value of china's marine electric power industry

Verticillium wilt is the most devastating disease of cotton and it results in huge yield losses every year in the fields. The underlying mechanisms of VW in cotton are not well explored yet. In the current approach we used the transcriptome data from G. australe in response to Verticillium wilt attack to mine the ERF TFs and prove their potential role in resistance against VW attack in cotton. We identified 23 ERFs in total, and on the basis of expression at different time points i.e., 24h, 48h and 72h post inoculation and selected GauERF105 for further validation. We performed VIGS in cotton and over expression in Arabidopsis respectively. Moreover, DAB and trypan staining also suggests that the impact of disease was more in the wildtype as compared to transgene lines. On the basis of our results, we confirmed that GauERF105 is the key candidate and playing a key role for defending cotton against VW attack. Current finding might be helpful for generating resistance germplasm in cotton and it will be beneficial to recover the yield losses in field.

/pdf/dynamic-characteristics-and-functional-analysis-provide-new-nkhgyt5t.pdf

Dynamic characteristics and Functional Analysis Provide new insights into the role of GauERF105 in resistance against Verticillium wilt in Cotton

In this paper, a scheduling model of PVC production by a calcium carbide method is designed based on a continuous-time modeling method, and an improved mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model for scheduling of PVC production is proposed. The optimization goal is to minimize the total cost. Considering the practical requirements of both the solution rapidity and quality, a combined algorithm is further established using both the MINLP model and approximated mixed-integer linear program (MILP) model for PVC production scheduling. The optimization result of the linear model is substituted into the original MINLP model as the initial value of variables to accelerate the solution process. Then, the optimal solution of the improved model is executed. Afterward, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified with two actual cases. The comparative results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can significantly accelerate the computation and obtain more accurate optimal solution.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.2c00875

A Combined Algorithm Using Both the MINLP Model and Approximated MILP Model for PVC Production Scheduling

Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) belongs to the Tobamovirus genus and is an important quarantine virus of cucurbit crops. Seedborne transmission is one of the principal modes for CGMMV spread, and effective early detection is helpful to prevent the occurrence of the disease. Quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) is a sensitive and rapid method for detecting CGMMV nucleic acids, but it cannot distinguish between infectious and noninfectious viruses. In the present work, a propidium monoazide (PMA) assisted RT-qPCR method (PMA-RT-qPCR) was developed to rapidly distinguish infectious and inactive CGMMV. PMA is a photoactive dye that can selectively react with viral RNA released or inside inactive CGMMV virions but not viral RNA inside active virions. The formation of PMA-RNA conjugates prevents PCR amplification, leaving only infectious virions to be amplified. The primer pair cp3-1F/cp3-1R was designed based on the coat protein (cp) gene for specific amplification of CGMMV RNA by RT-qPCR. The detection limit of the RT-qPCR assay was 1.57 × 102 copies·μL−1. PMA at 120 μmol·L−1 was suitable for the selective quantification of infectious CGMMV virions. Under optimal conditions, RT-qPCR detection of heat-inactivated CGMMV resulted in Ct value differences larger than 16 between PMA-treated and non-PMA-treated groups, while Ct differences less than 0.23 were observed in the detection of infectious CGMMV. For naturally contaminated watermelon leaf, fruit and seedlot samples, infectious CGMMV were quantified in 13 out of the 22 samples, with infestation levels of 102~105 copies·g−1. Application of this assay enabled the selective detection of infectious CGMMV and facilitated the monitoring of the viral pathogen in watermelon seeds and tissues, which could be useful for avoiding the potential risks of primary inoculum sources.

/pdf/rapid-quantification-of-infectious-cucumber-green-mottle-2jab41jf.pdf

Rapid Quantification of Infectious Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in Watermelon Tissues by PMA Coupled with RT-qPCR

The purpose of this paper aims to proposal a new idea to know the customers with using Chinese input method on smartphone better based on the big data analysis. Nowadays, China has the largest group of smartphone users. Everyday hundreds of millions of people get used to using their smartphones shopping, texting and searching for information and so on. A more efficient Chinese input method will definitely enhance their user experience and speed up the transactions. Furthermore, based on the massive user’s behavior data analysis through Baidu Index, it can be identified the target-users attribute for the Chinese input method, and advance a more user-friendly Chinese input method of smartphones considering the social-cultural factors affecting users. So, it’s meaningful to cluster the users and specify the user-based design features. Firstly, the most popular Chinese input method tools are introduced. Secondly, the research on the Chinese input method is analyzed to find the current research limitation. Thirdly, considering the limitation of the research on the Chinese input method, a big data analysis platform-Baidu Index is selected in order to research on the people’s attributes and geographical distribution of using smartphone’s Chinese input method. The conclusion and discussion are at the end of the paper.

Yuhong Wang

Papers

Some kinds of nonlinear strengthening operators for predicting the output value of china's marine electric power industry

Dynamic characteristics and Functional Analysis Provide new insights into the role of GauERF105 in resistance against Verticillium wilt in Cotton

A Combined Algorithm Using Both the MINLP Model and Approximated MILP Model for PVC Production Scheduling

Rapid Quantification of Infectious Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in Watermelon Tissues by PMA Coupled with RT-qPCR

How to Get to Know Your Customers Better? A Case Analysis of Smartphone Users with Chinese Input Method Based on Baidu Index